{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T16:08:58Z","timestamp":1790179738433,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Global Affairs Canada","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0427vvt16","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000974","name":"Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LS\/2020\/154"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LS\/2020\/154"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000974","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Curt Bergfors Foundation Food Planet Prize Award"},{"name":"Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01fn7me06","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02e5d6q93","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000974","name":"Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000974","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Government of Norway; the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00e0ttj68","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013987","name":"Government of the Republic of Kenya","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013987","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Outbreaks of bean fly, Ophiomyia spp. (Diptera: Agromyzidae) constitute a major constraint to common bean production in sub-Saharan Africa. Here, we investigate bean fly occurrence patterns, associated parasitoid complexes, and smallholder farmer perspectives across 3 major bean corridors. Three bean fly species [O. phaseoli (Tyron), O. spencerella (Greathead), and O. centrosematis (de\u202fMeijere)] were identified. An incidence of 22% to 41% was recorded, mostly associated with O. spencerella, which accounted for up to 57.1% of total species abundance. A diverse assemblage of parasitoids was recorded, with mean parasitism rates of 43.7%, 18.7%, and 32.0% in Kisumu, Nakuru, and Murang\u2019a counties, respectively. Parasitism was primarily driven by Opius sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (6.7% to 38.3%), followed by Afrostilba sp. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) (2.2% to 28.6%) and Herbertia sp. (Hymenoptera: Herbertiidae) (1.8% to 4.8%). Most farmers recognized typical bean fly damage symptoms, but approximately 75% were unaware that bean flies were the causal agent. Local bean varieties, late sowing, and poor soil fertility were associated with a 17% to 51% likelihood of bean fly outbreaks. Most farmers did not implement any control measures, except in Nakuru County, where nearly 80% relied on broad-spectrum synthetic insecticides [Chlorpyrifos, Duduthrin, Alpha-cypermethrin, and Lambda-cyhalothrin], although this was associated with only a 23% reduction in infestation likelihood. Therefore, targeted awareness campaigns are urgently needed to equip farmers with the basic knowledge for timely diagnosis of bean fly outbreaks. For effective management of bean fly, more research is needed to fully exploit and adopt potential natural enemies to maintain the balance of ecosystems and protect crops without resorting to harmful chemicals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toag295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T11:10:42Z","timestamp":1788520242000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Occurrence of bean fly (Diptera: Agromyzidae) and associated parasitoids in Kenya: farmers\u2019 perspectives and management practices"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5623-5173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lawrence O","family":"Onyango","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology , Nairobi,","place":["Kenya"]},{"name":"Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria , Pretoria,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2966-2804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dennis","family":"Beesigamukama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology , Nairobi,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8625-6490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullahi A","family":"Yusuf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria , Pretoria,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert S","family":"Copeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology , Nairobi,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunday","family":"Ekesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology , Nairobi,","place":["Kenya"]},{"name":"Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria , Pretoria,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4447-0744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Subramanian","family":"Sevgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology , Nairobi,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdou","family":"Tenkouano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology , Nairobi,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean Claude","family":"Rubyogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Tropical Agriculture , Nairobi,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5788-7920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chrysantus M","family":"Tanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology , Nairobi,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B1","author":"Abate","year":"1990"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0418.1991.tb00324.x","article-title":"The bean fly, Ophiomyia phaseoli (Tryon) (Dipt., Agromyzidae), and its parasitoids in Ethiopia","volume":"111","author":"Abate","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Appl. Entomol"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.41.010196.000401","article-title":"Insect pests of beans in Africa: their ecology and management","volume":"41","author":"Abate","year":"1996","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B4","first-page":"14","article-title":"Bean stem maggots of Ethiopia: their species composition, geographical distribution, importance and population dynamics","volume":"2","author":"Abate","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pest Manag. J. Ethiop"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.45.1.631","article-title":"Pest management strategies in traditional agriculture: an African perspective","volume":"45","author":"Abate","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2016.04.024","article-title":"Farmers\u2019 knowledge and perception of grain legume pests and their management in the Eastern province of Kenya","volume":"87","author":"Abtew","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crop Prot"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-1987(03)00089-8(03)00089-8","article-title":"Soil fertility management and insect pests: harmonizing soil and plant health in agroecosystems","volume":"72","author":"Altieri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B8","author":"Benoit","year":"1956"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B9","first-page":"335","article-title":"Factors influencing smallholder farmers\u2019 bean production and supply to market in Burundi","volume":"19","author":"Birachi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr. Crop Sci. J"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Bou\u010dek","year":"1988","DOI":"10.5555\/19881109893"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B11","first-page":"589","article-title":"A description of Aegeseucoela Buffington, new name, with taxonomic notes on the status of Gronotoma F\u00f6rster","volume":"104","author":"Buffington","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.4289\/0013-8797.113.3.239","article-title":"Description, circumscription and phylogenetics of the Diglyphosematini Belizin 1961, and the description of a new genus (Hymenoptera: Figitidae: Eucoilinae)","volume":"113","author":"Buffington","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3113.2012.00617.x","article-title":"Divergence estimates and early evolutionary history of Figitidae (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea)","volume":"37","author":"Buffington","year":"2012","journal-title":"Syst. Entomol"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191038","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2023.1191038","article-title":"Farmers\u2019 perceived pathways for further intensification of push-pull systems in Western Kenya","volume":"7","author":"Buleti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Sustain. Food Syst"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B15","first-page":"249","article-title":"The species of the genus Herbertia Howard","volume":"61","author":"Burks","year":"1959","journal-title":"Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3897\/jhr.94.94263","article-title":"From hell\u2019s heart I stab at thee! A determined approach towards a monophyletic Pteromalidae and reclassification of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera)","volume":"94","author":"Burks","year":"2022","journal-title":"JHR"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B17","first-page":"227","article-title":"Development and delivery of bean varieties in Africa: the Pan-Africa Bean Research Alliance (PABRA) model","volume":"19","author":"Buruchara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr. Crop Sci. J"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2013.01.007","article-title":"Acceptability and suitability of three Liriomyza species as host for the endoparasitoid Phaedrotoma scabriventris: implication for biological control of leafminers in the vegetable production system of Kenya","volume":"65","author":"Chabi-Olaye","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Control"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007603902380","article-title":"Improving technology delivery mechanisms: lessons from bean seed systems research in eastern and central Africa","volume":"16","author":"David","year":"1999","journal-title":"Agric. Human Values"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1080\/096708798228130","article-title":"Pest status and ecology of bean stem maggot (Ophiomyia spp.: Diptera: Agromyzidae) on the Niassa Plateau, Mozambique","volume":"44","author":"Davies","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Pest Manag"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B21","first-page":"129","article-title":"Ophiomyia phaseoli (Tryon) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) attacking bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris Linn.) in northern Nigeria","volume":"3","author":"Deeming","year":"1979","journal-title":"Niger. J. Entomol"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.32800\/AMZ.2018.16.0221","article-title":"Contribution to the knowledge of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) of Biskra, Algeria","volume":"16","author":"Djouama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arx. Misc. Zool"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B23","first-page":"197","article-title":"Die orientalischen und australischen Arten der Gattung Opius Wesmael (Hymenoptera, Braconidae)","volume":"35","author":"Fischer","year":"1963","journal-title":"Acta Entomol. Musei Natl. Pragae"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.1044.1.3","article-title":"A new species of Neochrysocharis Kurdjumov (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a parasitoid of serpentine leafminers (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in Southeast Asia","volume":"1044","author":"Fisher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B25","author":"Farrow","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.4081.1.1","article-title":"Revision of the palaearctic species of Eupelmus (Eupelmus) Dalman (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae)","volume":"4081","author":"Gibson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300003539","article-title":"A study in East Africa of the bean flies (Dipt., Agromyzidae) affecting Phaseolus vulgaris and of their natural enemies, with the description of a new species of Melanagromyza Hend","volume":"59","author":"Greathead","year":"1969","journal-title":"Bull. Entomol. Res"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02371957","article-title":"Biological control of the beanfly, Ophiomyia phaseoli [Dipt.: Agromyzidae], by Opius spp. [Hym.: Braconidae] in the Hawaiian Islands","volume":"20","author":"Greathead","year":"1975","journal-title":"Entomophaga"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1590\/s1519-566x2004000200012","article-title":"Parasitism behavior of three species of Eucoilinae (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae) fruit fly parasitoids (Diptera) in Brazil","volume":"33","author":"Guimar\u00e3es","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neotrop. Entomol"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B30","author":"Graves","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-060121-060505","article-title":"Bottom-up forces in agroecosystems and their potential impact on arthropod pest management","volume":"67","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1163\/187631290x00021","article-title":"A taxonomic study on the Palearctic species of Chrysonotomyia Ashmead and Neochrysocharis Kurdjumov (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)","volume":"21","author":"Hansson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Insect Syst. Evol"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1017\/S1464793105006767","article-title":"Terrestrial insects along elevation gradients: species and community responses to altitude","volume":"80","author":"Hodkinson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.5555\/19951115754","article-title":"A revision of the Indo-Pacific species of Ooencyrtus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), parasitoids of the immature stages of economically important insect species (mainly Hemiptera and Lepidoptera)","volume":"63","author":"Huang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bull. Br. Museum (Natural Hist.) Entomol. Ser"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4851","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5851","article-title":"Species-specific defence responses facilitate conspecifics and inhibit heterospecifics in above-belowground herbivore interactions","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s40066-022-00380-7","article-title":"The role of smallholder bean farmers in determining farm gate prices for beans in Uganda","volume":"11","author":"Jjagwe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agric. Food Secur"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B37","author":"Kapeya","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/20.1.354","article-title":"Effects of plant populations and intercropping on the population patterns of bean flies on common beans","volume":"20","author":"Karel","year":"1991","journal-title":"Environ. Entomol"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B39","author":"Katungi","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B40","first-page":"411","article-title":"Relative importance of common bean attributes and variety demand in the drought areas of Kenya","volume":"3","author":"Katungi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dev. Agric. Econ"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B41","author":"Kayitare","year":"1993"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eraf009","article-title":"Advances in breeding for enhanced iron and zinc concentrations in common bean in eastern Africa","volume":"76","author":"Kimani","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/ajea\/2016\/24915","article-title":"Evaluation of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties for resistance to bean stem maggot (Ophiomyia spp.) in Kenya","volume":"12","author":"Kiptoo","year":"2016","journal-title":"AJEA"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B44","author":"Kassambara","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B45","first-page":"9","article-title":"Evaluation of phenolic content of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in association to bean fly (Ophiomyia spp.) infestation","volume":"14","author":"Kiptoo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Agron. Agri. R"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8809(94)90129-5(94)90129-5","article-title":"Bean fly, management practices, and biological control in Malawian subsistence agriculture","volume":"50","author":"Letourneau","year":"1994","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.2307\/1941990","article-title":"Associational susceptibility: effects of cropping pattern and fertilizer on Malawian bean fly levels","volume":"5","author":"Letourneau","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3897\/ab.e108410","article-title":"Agromyzidae (Diptera) plant pests, Agromyzidae (Diptera)","volume":"1","author":"Lonsdale","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant Pests"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B49","author":"Leeper","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B50","author":"Lenth","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B51","first-page":"5","article-title":"A catalogue of the Braconidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) of the Malagasy subregion","volume":"46","author":"Madl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Linz. Biol. Beitr"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1108\/IJSE-11-2016-0318","article-title":"Farm types and adoption of proven innovative practices in smallholder bean farming in Angonia district of Mozambique","volume":"45","author":"Makate","year":"2018","journal-title":"IJSE"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B53","first-page":"158","author":"Mitroiu","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1080\/09583157.2019.1707169","article-title":"Knowledge gaps among smallholder farmers hinder adoption of conservation biological control","volume":"30","author":"Mkenda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biocontrol Sci. Technol"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s40066-017-0102-z","article-title":"Is bean really a women\u2019s crop? Men and women\u2019s participation in bean production in Uganda","volume":"6","author":"Nakazi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. Food Secur"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1017\/s1742758400019810","article-title":"Beanfly infestation on common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Kenya","volume":"11","author":"Nderitu","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094739","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2023.1094739","article-title":"Understanding farmer knowledge and site factors in relation to soil-borne pests and pathogens to support agroecological intensification of smallholder bean production systems","volume":"7","author":"Ngoya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Sustain. Food Syst"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1057\/ejdr.2011.8","article-title":"Linking smallholder farmers to markets, gender and intra-household dynamics: does the choice of commodity matter?","volume":"23","author":"Njuki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dev. Res"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2020.105353","article-title":"Assessment of smallholder farmers\u2019 awareness of bean fly (Ophiomyia spp.) and management practices in central and northern Malawi: implications for resistance breeding","volume":"139","author":"Nkhata","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crop Prot"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B60","first-page":"91","article-title":"Pest status of bean stem maggot (Ophiomyia spp.) and black bean aphid (Aphis fabae) in Taita District, Kenya","volume":"13","author":"Ochilo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trop. Subtrop. Agroecosyst."},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B61","first-page":"80","article-title":"Access to and use of agricultural information by small scale women farmers in support of efforts to attain food security in Vihiga County, Kenya","volume":"5","author":"Odini","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Trends Econ. Manag. Sci"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/00128325.2019.1599151","article-title":"Incidence and severity of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) pests in agro-ecological zones and farming systems of Western Kenya","volume":"83","author":"Ogecha","year":"2019","journal-title":"East Afr. Agric. For. J"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633545","DOI":"10.1101\/633545","article-title":"Genome-Wide Association study of resistance to bean fly and population structure of market classes of common bean","author":"Ojwang","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioRxiv"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s10681-009-0015-4","article-title":"Participatory plant breeding approach for host plant resistance to bean fly in common bean under semi-arid Kenya conditions","volume":"170","author":"Ojwang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Euphytica"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2025.107456","article-title":"Global threats of bean fly [Ophiomyia spp.] on common bean: perspectives and limitations of management practices","volume":"200","author":"Onyango","year":"2026","journal-title":"Crop Prot"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18975","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-46190-0","article-title":"Occurrence and management of two emerging soil-dwelling pests ravaging cabbage and onions in Kenya","volume":"13","author":"Ouma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.17221\/19\/2009-pps","article-title":"Effect of plant populations on the incidence of bean stem maggot (Ophiomyia spp.) in common bean intercropped with maize","volume":"45","author":"Peter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Prot. Sci"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.5555\/19880547194","article-title":"A revision of the genus Ooencyrtus Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"67","author":"Prinsloo","year":"1987","journal-title":"Entomol. Mem. Dep. Agric. Water Supply, S. Afr"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.5555\/19800571282","article-title":"A key to the genera of Encyrtidae from the Ethiopian region, with descriptions of three new genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)","volume":"42","author":"Prinsloo","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Entomol. Soc. S. Afr"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1653\/024.098.0241","article-title":"Natural Parasitism of the Citrus Leafminer (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) over Eight Years in Seven Citrus Regions of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"98","author":"Paiva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fla Entomol"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B71","first-page":"243","article-title":"A key to the Afrotropical genera of Eucoilidae (Hymenoptera), with a revision of certain genera","volume":"52","author":"Quinlan","year":"1986","journal-title":"Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.5897\/jdae2016.0797","article-title":"Land fragmentation, agricultural productivity and implications for agricultural investments in the Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania (SAGCOT) region, Tanzania","volume":"9","author":"Reuben","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dev. Agric. Econ"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1080\/08941920802395297","article-title":"Bean seed delivery for small farmers in sub-Saharan Africa: the power of partnerships","volume":"23","author":"Rubyogo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc. Nat. Resour"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/03235400500321461","article-title":"Effect of sowing time on infestation of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by two species of the Bean Stem Maggot, Ophiomyia spencerella and Ophiomyia phaseoli (Diptera: Agromyzidae)","volume":"40","author":"Sariah","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Phytopathol. Plant Prot"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B76","author":"Schoonhoven","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.03.181","article-title":"Too much to handle? Pesticide dependence of smallholder vegetable farmers in Southeast Asia","volume":"593\u2013594","author":"Schreinemachers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s44264-025-00069-x","article-title":"Opportunities for expansion of push-pull technology as an agroecological and sustainable intensification approach in Africa","volume":"3","author":"Sileshi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Npj Sustain. Agric"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.4236\/as.2020.1112079","article-title":"A gender analysis on the participation and choice of improved and local Haricot Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by farmers in Cameroon","volume":"11","author":"Siri","year":"2020","journal-title":"AS"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/096708799228021","article-title":"Ecology of the bean stem maggot attacking dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in the semiarid areas of eastern Kenya","volume":"45","author":"Songa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Pest Manag"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-0683-4","volume-title":"Agromyzidae (Diptera) of economic importance","author":"Spencer","year":"1973"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/mmnd.4810080503","article-title":"Notes on the African Agromyzidae (Diptera)-1","volume":"46","author":"Spencer","year":"1961","journal-title":"Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturlcunde"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s10340-015-0678-7","article-title":"The use of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) traditional varieties and their mixtures with commercial varieties to manage bean fly (Ophiomyia spp.) infestations in Uganda","volume":"89","author":"Ssekandi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pest Sci. (2004)"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2003.12.021","article-title":"Methods of surveying the incidence and severity of cassava mosaic disease and whitefly vector populations on cassava in Africa: a review","volume":"100","author":"Sseruwagi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.1987.154","article-title":"Genetic control of colour polymorphism in spittlebugs (Philaenus spumarius) differs between isolated populations","volume":"59","author":"Stewart","year":"1987","journal-title":"Heredity (Edinb)"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B87","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pteromalinae (Pteromalidae: Chalcidoidea: Hymenoptera) of Indian subcontinent","volume":"205","author":"Sureshan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rec. Zool. Surv. India, Occas. Pap"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Universal Chalcidoidea Database","year":"2025","DOI":"10.5962\/BHL.TITLE.10341"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3897\/zookeys.493.6353","article-title":"Afrotropical cynipoidea (Hymenoptera)","volume":"493","author":"van Noort","year":"2015","journal-title":"Zookeys."},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B90","article-title":"Biological control of insect pests: Southeast Asian prospects","author":"Waterhouse","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aust. Cent. Int. Agric. Res"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2014.01.004","article-title":"Temporal dynamics of natural enemy-pest interactions in a changing environment","volume":"75","author":"Welch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Control"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3897\/zookeys.289.4900","article-title":"An opiine Braconidae (Hymenoptera) reared from Richardiidae (Diptera) and recognition of a new species group of Opius s. l","volume":"289","author":"Wharton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zookeys."},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4","volume-title":"ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis","author":"Wickham","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B94","author":"Wickham","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56732-x","article-title":"Pesticides have negative effects on non-target organisms","volume":"16","author":"Wan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/14.3.262","article-title":"Spatial and temporal distribution of plant damage caused by the onion maggot (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)","volume":"14","author":"Whitfield","year":"1985","journal-title":"Environ. Entomol"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B97","first-page":"1200","article-title":"Stem fly, Ophiomyia phaseoli (Tryon) (Insecta: Diptera: Agromyzidae) a major insect: a review","volume":"7","author":"Yadav","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Entomol. Zool. Stud"},{"key":"2026092311545083500_toag295-B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.14411\/eje.2012.048","article-title":"Role of leaf mines in host location and pupation in Diglyphus isaea (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)","volume":"109","author":"Zou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Entomol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Economic Entomology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jee\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jee\/toag295\/71352096\/toag295.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jee\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jee\/toag295\/71352096\/toag295.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T15:55:03Z","timestamp":1790178903000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jee\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1093\/jee\/toag295\/8832273"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Randa","family":"Jabbour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"references-count":96,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jee\/toag295","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0493","1938-291X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0493","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-291X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"article-number":"toag295"}}