{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T21:28:59Z","timestamp":1771104539108,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,17]],"date-time":"2019-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1019004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1019004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae, has not been considered an economic pest of field corn. Historical losses estimates ranged from 1.5 to 2.5%, and a large number of foliar insecticide applications would be needed to minimize infestations. In recent years, Bt, Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) field corn, Zea mays (L.) Poales: Poaceae, technologies that exhibit activity against corn earworm have been introduced. However, it is unclear how much damage to corn ears (number of damaged kernels) is required to reduce yield. In this study manual damage methods were utilized to inflict defined levels of kernel damage and to impose damage at levels greater than observed with natural corn earworm infestations. Bt corn hybrids expressing the Agrisure Viptera (Vip 3A) trait were used to minimize injury from natural infestations of corn earworm. Manual kernel damage was imposed at R3 stage to mimic corn earworm feeding while avoiding interference with pollination. These methods were used in experiments where treatments were applied to individual ears and hand-harvested and in experiments where treatments were applied to all primary ears in the plot and machine-harvested. Damage of \u226560 kernels per ear was required to significantly reduce yield regardless of harvest method. Kernel damage from natural corn earworm infestations reported in other studies was much lower than 60 kernels per ear. Timely planting is a key component of all integrated pest management programs. Field corn planted during the recommended planting window for optimum yield is unlikely to experience corn earworm damage great enough to reduce yield.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toz119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,22]],"date-time":"2019-04-22T19:16:01Z","timestamp":1555960561000},"page":"2193-2198","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Impact of Simulated Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Kernel Feeding on Field Corn Yield"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"B M","family":"Olivi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Formerly Mississippi State University, Delta Research and Extension Center, Stoneville, MS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Gore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mississippi State University, Delta Research and Extension Center, Stoneville, MS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2767-8500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F M","family":"Musser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mississippi State University, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State, MS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A L","family":"Catchot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mississippi State University, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State, MS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D R","family":"Cook","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mississippi State University, Delta Research and Extension Center, Stoneville, MS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020051620080937800_CIT0001","volume-title":"A guide for scouting insects of field corn in the Mid-Southern U.S","author":"Akin","year":"2012"},{"key":"2020051620080937800_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toy082","article-title":"Impact of corn earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on field corn (Poales: Poaceae) yield and grain quality","volume":"111","author":"Bibb","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2020051620080937800_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1603\/EC13442","article-title":"Insect damage, aflatoxin content, and yield of Bt corn in Alabama","volume":"107","author":"Bowen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2020051620080937800_CIT0004","first-page":"523","article-title":"Corn expressing Cry1AB or Cry1F endotoxin for fall armyworm and corn earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) management in field corn for grain production","volume":"91","author":"Buntin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fla. Entomol"},{"key":"2020051620080937800_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-0493-97.5.1603","article-title":"Plant-incorporated Bacillus thuringiensis resistance for control of fall armyworm and corn earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in corn","volume":"97","author":"Buntin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2020051620080937800_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/97.2.259","article-title":"Assessment of experimental Bt events against fall armyworm and corn earworm in field corn","volume":"97","author":"Buntin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2020051620080937800_CIT0007","first-page":"767","article-title":"The most important corn insects","volume-title":"Corn and corn improvement. Agronomy Monograph 18","author":"Dicke","year":"1988","edition":"3"},{"key":"2020051620080937800_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.34.010189.000313","article-title":"The ecology of Heliothis species in relation to agroecosystems","volume":"34","author":"Fitt","year":"1989","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol"},{"key":"2020051620080937800_CIT0009","unstructured":"Hellmich, R. L., and K. A.Hellmich. 2012. Use and impact of Bt maize. Nat. Educ. 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Soc"},{"key":"2020051620080937800_CIT0012","volume-title":"Bt corn & European corn borer: long-term success through resistance management","author":"Ostlie","year":"1997"},{"key":"2020051620080937800_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1603\/EC13516","article-title":"Impact of corn earworm injury on yield of transgenic corn producing Bt toxins in the Carolinas","volume":"107","author":"Reay-Jones","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2020051620080937800_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.18474\/0749-8004-46.2.152","article-title":"Evaluation of new transgenic corn hybrids producing multiple Bacillus thuringiensis toxins in South Carolina","volume":"46","author":"Reay-Jones","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Entomol. 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Entomol"},{"key":"2020051620080937800_CIT0022","author":"USDA NASS","year":"2018"},{"key":"2020051620080937800_CIT0023","volume-title":"Components for management of field corn and grain sorghum insects and mites in the United States","author":"Wiseman","year":"1981"}],"container-title":["Journal of Economic Entomology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jee\/article-pdf\/112\/5\/2193\/30045087\/toz119.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jee\/article-pdf\/112\/5\/2193\/30045087\/toz119.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,17]],"date-time":"2020-05-17T00:08:29Z","timestamp":1589674109000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jee\/article\/112\/5\/2193\/5491255"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Aaron","family":"Gassmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,17]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jee\/toz119","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0493","1938-291X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0493","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-291X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,17]]}}}