{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T00:25:23Z","timestamp":1763684723530,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]],"date-time":"2019-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Quebec Wood Export Bureau"},{"name":"OntarioWood"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009837","name":"Canadian Food Inspection Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000159","name":"Natural Resources Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000159","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Addressing the risk from pests present in wood and wood products destined for international trade is an essential step towards minimizing the movement, introduction and establishment of invasive species. One method of managing the pest risk associated with wood commodities is the use of a systems approach that incorporates multiple independent measures applied along a production pathway. However, quantifying the reduction of risk can be difficult because the approach requires raw material infested with the pest of interest at a sufficient density to be able to quantify changes in pest abundance. We tested a systems approach for the production of sawn wood using green ash, Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall (Lamiales: Oleaceae), infested with emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), by quantifying the change in pest density during the milling process and the precise effect of heat treatment on insects in situ. Greater than 90% of emerald ash borer were removed at the first step of the milling process (debarking) and &amp;gt;99% were removed before the production of green sawn wood. No insects survived kilning or heat treatment. All life stages of emerald ash borer were killed at 56\u00b0C and above. Heat, however, had no sublethal effect on emerald ash borer performance. These results show that the application of a systems approach to mitigate emerald ash borer in heat-treated, sawn wood is effective. Moreover, the model-system approach developed in this study can be a template for investigating the effect of systems approaches for other phloem-feeding insects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toz331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,3]],"date-time":"2019-12-03T12:11:34Z","timestamp":1575375094000},"page":"679-694","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Assessment of the Systems Approach for the Phytosanitary Treatment of Wood Infested With Wood-Boring Insects"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8760-746X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris J K","family":"Macquarrie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources Canada Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meghan","family":"Gray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources Canada Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Lavall\u00e9e","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources Canada Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Stn. Sainte-Foy, Qu\u00e9bec, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meghan K","family":"Noseworthy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources Canada Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Savard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"FPInnovations, Qu\u00e9bec, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leland M","family":"Humble","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources Canada Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3365","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-017-1515-0","article-title":"Phytosanitary measures to reduce the movement of forest pests with the international trade of wood products","volume":"19","author":"Allen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Invasions"},{"volume-title":"ScanLink, version 2.0","year":"2001","author":"Barant Company","key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0002"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4076(90)90014-K","article-title":"Regression-Based tests for overdispersion in the Poisson model","volume":"46","author":"Cameron","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Econometrics"},{"year":"2019","author":"Canadian Food Inspection Agency [CFIA]","key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0004"},{"year":"2019","author":"Canadian Food Inspection Agency [CFIA]","key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0005"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1093\/ae\/51.3.152","article-title":"Emerald ash borer in North America: a research and regulatory challenge","volume":"51","author":"Cappaert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. Ent"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-016-1138-7","article-title":"Evaluating vacuum and steam process on hardwood veneer logs for export","volume":"75","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.3956\/2008-18.1","article-title":"Previously unrecorded damage to oak, Quercus spp., in southern California by the goldspotted oak borer, Agrilus coxalis Waterhouse (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)","volume":"84","author":"Coleman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pan-Pac. Entomol."},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0009","first-page":"3","article-title":"An alternative host plant-based method for laboratory rearing of emerald ash borer to produce larval parasitoids for biological control,","author":"Duan","year":"2011"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/eea.12671","article-title":"An artificial delay in emergence influences the number but not the fitness of adult emerald ash borer emerging from infested ash wood","volume":"166","author":"Fick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Entomol. Exp. Appl"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/02827581.2013.863380","article-title":"Importing deciduous wood chips from North America to northern Europe - the risk of introducing bark-and wood-boring insects","volume":"29","author":"Flo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand. J. Forest. Res"},{"volume-title":"Glossary of phytosanitary terms. International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures No. 5","year":"2019","author":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [FAO]","key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0012"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1603\/EC09264","article-title":"Failure to phytosanitize ash firewood infested with emerald ash borer in a small dry kiln using ISPM-15 standards","volume":"103","author":"Goebel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1603\/029.102.0328","article-title":"Bark- and wood-borer colonization of logs and lumber after heat treatment to ISPM 15 specifications: the role of residual bark","volume":"102","author":"Haack","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0015","first-page":"1","article-title":"First report of the european oak borer, Agrilus sulcicollis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), in the United States","volume":"42","author":"Haack","year":"2009","journal-title":"Great Lakes Entomol"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e96611","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096611","article-title":"Effectiveness of the International Phytosanitary Standard ISPM No. 15 on reducing wood borer infestation rates in wood packaging material entering the United States","volume":"9","author":"Haack","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19425-7","volume-title":"Regression modeling strategies","author":"Harrell","year":"2015"},{"volume-title":"rms: Regression Modeling Strategies, R package, version 5.1-3","year":"2019","author":"Harrell","key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0018"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.2307\/1942661","article-title":"Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments","volume":"54","author":"Hurlbert","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr"},{"volume-title":"Regulation of wood packaging material in international trade","year":"2019","author":"International Plant Protection Convention [IPPC]","key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0020"},{"volume-title":"pscl: Classes and methods for R developed in the Political Science Computational Laboratory, version R package version 1.5.2","year":"2017","author":"Jackman","key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0021"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-77318-6","volume-title":"Applied econometrics with R","author":"Kleiber","year":"2008"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0023","first-page":"221","article-title":"Phytosanitation of mountain pine beetle infected lodgepole pine using dielectric fields at radio frequencies","volume":"17","author":"Lazarescu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Maderas-Cienc. Technol"},{"volume-title":"Emmeans: estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means","year":"2019","author":"Lenth","key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0024"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1079\/9781845932527.0269","article-title":"The influence of heat shock proteins on insect pests and fruits in thermal treatments,","volume-title":"Heat treatments for postharvest pest control: theory and practice","author":"Lurie","year":"2007"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/forestry\/cpz008","article-title":"The effect of host condition on adult emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) performance","author":"MacQuarrie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forestry"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0027","article-title":"Data from: assessment of the systems approach for the phytosanitary treatment of wood infested with wood-boring insects","author":"MacQuarrie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dryad online repository"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1603\/EC13390","article-title":"Efficacy of heat treatment for the thousand cankers disease vector and pathogen in small black walnut logs","volume":"107","author":"Mayfield","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/100.5.1577","article-title":"Estimating potential emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) populations using ash inventory data","volume":"100","author":"McCullough","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-0493(2007)100[1304:EOCGAH]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Effects of chipping, grinding, and heat on survival of emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), in chips","volume":"100","author":"McCullough","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1603\/EN12334","article-title":"A comparison of girdled ash detection trees and baited artificial traps for Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) detection","volume":"42","author":"Mercader","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Entomol"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1603\/EN12238","article-title":"A review of bronze birch borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) life history, ecology, and management","volume":"41","author":"Muilenburg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Entomol"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.5558\/tfc80224-2","article-title":"Heat as a phytosanitary treatment for the brown spruce longhorn beetle","volume":"80","author":"Mushrow","year":"2004","journal-title":"Forest. Chron"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.13073\/0015-7473-61.1.46","article-title":"Evaluation of a heat treatment schedule for the Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)","volume":"61","author":"Myers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Forest Prod. J"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.1603\/029.102.0605","article-title":"Evaluation of heat treatment schedules for emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)","volume":"102","author":"Myers","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-019-01383-1","article-title":"Pinewood nematode presence and survival in commercial pallets of different ages","volume":"77","author":"Naves","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1570-7458.2012.01229.x","article-title":"An improved system to assess insect tolerance to heated controlled atmosphere quarantine treatment","volume":"143","author":"Neven","year":"2012","journal-title":"Entomol. Exp. Appl"},{"volume-title":"RSPM 37 Integrated measures for the trade of Christmas trees, NAPPO Regional Standards for Phytosanitary Measures","year":"2012","author":"North American Plant Protection Organization [NAPPO]","key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0038"},{"volume-title":"RSPM 41 Use of systems approaches to manage pest risks associated with the movement of forest products, NAPPO Regional Standards for Phytosanitary Measures","year":"2018","author":"North American Plant Protection Organization [NAPPO]","key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0039"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0040","first-page":"68","article-title":"Kiln and microwave heat treatment of logs infested by the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)","volume":"58","author":"Nzokou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Forest Prod. J"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s10340-018-1015-8","article-title":"Quantifying the thermal tolerance of wood borers and bark beetles for the development of Joule heating as a novel phytosanitary treatment of pine logs","volume":"92","author":"Pawson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pest Sci"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0042","first-page":"1","volume-title":"nlme: linear and nonlinear mixed effects models. R package, version 3","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2018"},{"volume-title":"Enhancements of pest risk analysis techniques: A review of the application of systems approach to risk management in plant health. EU Framework 7 Research Project, Enhancement of Pest Risk Analysis Techniques","year":"2009","author":"Quinlan","key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0043"},{"volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing, version 3.5.3","year":"2019","author":"R Core Team","key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0044"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jisesa\/iey037","article-title":"Origins and history of laboratory insect stocks in a multispecies insect production facility, with the proposal of standardized nomenclature and designation of formal standard names","volume":"18","author":"Roe","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Insect Sci"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1111\/eea.12710","article-title":"Measuring wood-boring depth of Arhopalus ferus and Prionoplus reticularis in Pinus radiata logs informs the development of phytosanitary treatments","volume":"166","author":"Romo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Entomol. Exp. Appl"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1603\/EC10453","article-title":"Appropriateness of probit-9 in the development of quarantine treatments for timber and timber commodities","volume":"104","author":"Schortemeyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"volume-title":"R package \u2018oddsratio\u2019: Odds ratio calculation for GAM(M)s & GLM(M)s, R package, version 1.0.2","year":"2017","author":"Schratz","key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0048"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1111\/ddi.12212","article-title":"Dendrochronological reconstruction of the epicentre and early spread of emerald ash borer in North America","volume":"20","author":"Siegert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Divers. Distrib"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-9563.2011.00523.x","article-title":"High temperature tolerance and thermal plasticity in emerald ash borer Agrilus planipennis","volume":"13","author":"Sobek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Agr. Forest Entomol"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1079\/9781845932527.0133","article-title":"Biology and thermal death kinetics of selected insects,","volume-title":"Heat treatments for postharvest pest control: theory and practice","author":"Tang","year":"2007"},{"volume-title":"A Package for Survival Analysis in S, R package, version 2.38","year":"2015","author":"Therneau","key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0052"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-9563.2006.00311.x","article-title":"Patterns in the within-tree distribution of the emerald ash borer Agrilus planipennis (Fairmaire) in young, green-ash plantations of south-western Ontario, Canada","volume":"8","author":"Timms","year":"2006","journal-title":"Agr. Forest Entomol"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1094\/PHP-2009-0811-01-RS","article-title":"Black walnut mortality in Colorado caused by the walnut twig beetle and thousand cankers disease","volume":"10","author":"Tisserat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Health Progress"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2307\/3001913","article-title":"Comparing individual means in the analysis of variance","volume":"5","author":"Tukey","year":"1949","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0056","volume-title":"United States Department of Agriculture: Treatment Manual","author":"United States Department of Agriculture [USDA]","year":"2016","edition":"2nd ed"},{"year":"2019","author":"United States Department of Agriculture Animal Plant Health Inspection Service [USDA APHIS]","key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0057"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-21706-2","volume-title":"Modern applied statistics with S","author":"Venebles","year":"2002","edition":"4th ed"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toy326","article-title":"Evaluation of low pressure and vapor heat as a phytosanitary treatment for Chlorophorus annularis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in postharvest bamboo poles","volume":"112","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7917.2007.00163.x","article-title":"Biology and damage traits of emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) in China","volume":"14","author":"Wei","year":"2007","journal-title":"Insect Sci"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1603\/EC10339","article-title":"Approved quarantine treatment for Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in large-size hay bales and Hessian fly and cereal leaf beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) control by bale compression","volume":"104","author":"Yokoyama","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2020040622355258400_CIT0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v027.i08","article-title":"Regression models for count data in R","volume":"27","author":"Zeileis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw"}],"container-title":["Journal of Economic Entomology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jee\/article-pdf\/113\/2\/679\/33017587\/toz331.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jee\/article-pdf\/113\/2\/679\/33017587\/toz331.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]],"date-time":"2020-04-07T02:39:43Z","timestamp":1586227183000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jee\/article\/113\/2\/679\/5679551"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Lisa","family":"Neven","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jee\/toz331","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0493","1938-291X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0022-0493"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1938-291X"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]]}}}