{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T21:41:59Z","timestamp":1789681319865,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]],"date-time":"2020-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Citrus Research International"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A systems approach was previously developed for mitigating phytosanitary risk of Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) in citrus fruit exported from South Africa, as an alternative to a standalone cold disinfestation treatment. The present study first tested the original systems approach by applying it on a semicommercial scale in 10 Nova mandarin orchards. Fruit were inspected at points in the production, packing, and simulated shipping process, to assess performance of the systems approach. Additional data were obtained from 17 Valencia orange orchards and six packinghouses. In the second part of this study, the systems approach was accordingly revised and improved, consisting of three measures: 1) preharvest controls and measurements and postpicking sampling, inspection, and packinghouse procedures; 2) postpacking sampling and inspection; and 3) shipping conditions. The model quantifying the effectiveness of the systems approach was improved by correcting errors in the original version, updating parameter values and adding a component that provides for comparison with the risk mitigation provided by a standalone disinfestation treatment. Consequently, the maximum potential proportion of fruit that may be infested with live T. leucotreta after application of the improved systems approach is no greater than the proportion of fruit that may be infested after application of a Probit 9 efficacy postharvest disinfestation treatment to fruit with a 2% pretreatment infestation. The probability of a mating pair surviving is also determined. The model enables a priori determination of the required threshold levels for any of the three measures, based on quantification of the other two measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toz336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,9]],"date-time":"2019-12-09T15:10:45Z","timestamp":1575904245000},"page":"700-711","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["An Improved Systems Approach as a Phytosanitary Measure for Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Export Citrus Fruit From South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Vaughan","family":"Hattingh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Citrus Research International, Department of Horticultural Science, Stellenbosch University, Victoria Street, Stellenbosch, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Moore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Citrus Research International, Walmer, Port Elizabeth, South Africa"},{"name":"Centre for Biological Control, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne","family":"Kirkman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Citrus Research International, Walmer, Port Elizabeth, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mat","family":"Goddard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biological Control, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Thackeray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Citrus Research International, Walmer, Port Elizabeth, South Africa"},{"name":"Centre for Biological Control, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mellissa","family":"Peyper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Citrus Research International, Walmer, Port Elizabeth, South Africa"},{"name":"Centre for Biological Control, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Sharp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Cronj\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Citrus Research International, Department of Horticultural Science, Stellenbosch University, Victoria Street, Stellenbosch, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Pringle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hortgro Science, Die Boord, Stellenbosch, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.53.103106.093350","article-title":"Fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) host status determination: critical conceptual, methodological, and regulatory considerations","volume":"53","author":"Aluja","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol"},{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0002","volume-title":"System approach work plan for soft fruit","author":"Anonymous.","year":"2017"},{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0003","volume-title":"System approach work plan for soft fruit","author":"Anonymous.","year":"2017"},{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7917.2011.01464.x","article-title":"False codling moth Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) larvae are chill-susceptible","volume":"19","author":"Boardman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Insect Sci"},{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0005","first-page":"31","article-title":"Population studies of the false codling moth, Cryptophlebia leucotreta Meyrick, on citrus in the Transvaal","volume":"6","author":"Catling","year":"1974","journal-title":"Phytophylactica"},{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0006","volume-title":"Key industry statistics","author":"(CGA) Citrus Growers\u2019 Association.","year":"2016"},{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0007","volume-title":"In transit cold sterilization of sweet orange from South Africa","author":"Cottier","year":"1950"},{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0008","first-page":"99","article-title":"The cold sterilization of oranges from South Africa","volume":"10","author":"Cottier","year":"1952","journal-title":"N. Z. Sci. Rev"},{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/79.4.887","article-title":"Confidence limits and sample size in quarantine research","volume":"79","author":"Couey","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0010","volume-title":"Postharvest rind disorders of citrus fruit","author":"Cronj\u00e9","year":"2007"},{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0011","first-page":"141","article-title":"A study of the biology of the false codling moth [Cryptophlebia leucotreta (Meyr.)]: the larva","volume":"11","author":"Daiber","year":"1979","journal-title":"Phytophylactica"},{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0012","volume-title":"Pest risk analysis for Thaumatotibia leucotreta","author":"EPPO.","year":"2013"},{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0013","volume-title":"International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures ISPM No. 14: The use of integrated measures in a systems approach for pest risk management","author":"(FAO) Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations","year":"2002"},{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0014","volume-title":"International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures ISPM No. 5: Glossary of phytosanitary terms","author":"(FAO) Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations.","year":"2007"},{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-0493-94.5.1005","article-title":"Accelerated development of quarantine treatments for insects on poor hosts","volume":"94","author":"Follett","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.49.061802.123314","article-title":"Current trends in quarantine entomology","volume":"51","author":"Follett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol"},{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/100.2.251","article-title":"Confidence limits and sample size for determining nonhost status of fruits and vegetables to tephritid fruit flies as a quarantine measure","volume":"100","author":"Follett","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0018","first-page":"447","article-title":"Citrus,","volume-title":"Insects of cultivated plants and natural pastures in Southern Africa","author":"Grout","year":"2015"},{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1603\/EC10435","article-title":"Cold susceptibility and disinfestation of Bactrocera invadens (Diptera: Tephritidae) in oranges","volume":"104","author":"Grout","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1079\/9781845933432.0000","volume-title":"Pest management and phytosanitary trade barriers","author":"Heather","year":"2008"},{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.4001\/003.024.0208","article-title":"Postharvest phytosanitary disinfestation of Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in citrus fruit: determination of ionising radiation and cold treatment conditions for inclusion in a combination treatment","volume":"24","author":"Hofmeyr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Afr. Entomol"},{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0022","volume-title":"Systems approaches for managing risk of citrus fruit in Texas during a Mexican fruit fly outbreak. Technical report to USDA-APHIS-PPQ","author":"Jang","year":"2015"},{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0023","first-page":"2","article-title":"Postharvest physiological disorders in citrus fruit","volume":"1","author":"Lafuente","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stewart Postharv. Rev"},{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-5214(03)00047-4","article-title":"Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and ethylene in relation to chilling injury as affected by fruit age in citrus","volume":"29","author":"Lafuente","year":"2003","journal-title":"Postharv. Biol. Technol"},{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/77.2.285","article-title":"Alternative to the use of probit 9 mortality as a criterion for quarantine treatments of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) infested fruit","volume":"77","author":"Landolt","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0026","volume-title":"The development and evaluation of Cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus (CrleGV) as a biological control agent for the management of false codling moth, Cryptophlebia leucotreta, on citrus","author":"Moore","year":"2002"},{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0027","first-page":"1","article-title":"Moths and butterflies: false codling moth (Part 9.4),","volume-title":"Integrated production guidelines Vol 3","author":"Moore","year":"2017"},{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0028","first-page":"77","article-title":"Thresholds and guidelines for intervention against citrus pests","volume":"7","author":"Moore","year":"2008","journal-title":"S. Afr. Fruit J"},{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.3390\/v7031284","article-title":"The Cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus \u2013 10 years of commercial field use","volume":"7","author":"Moore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/tow139","article-title":"Verification of inspection standards and efficacy of a systems approach for Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) for export citrus from South Africa","volume":"109","author":"Moore","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/tow138","article-title":"Partial cold treatment of citrus fruit for export risk mitigation for Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) as part of a systems approach","volume":"109","author":"Moore","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/tow137","article-title":"Comparing the use of laboratory-reared and field-collected Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) larvae for demonstrating efficacy of postharvest cold treatments in citrus fruit","volume":"109","author":"Moore","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2016.11.017","article-title":"Development of an improved postharvest cold treatment for Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)","volume":"125","author":"Moore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Postharv. Biol. Technol"},{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0034","volume-title":"Report on the sterilization of false codling moth and fruit flies in packed citrus fruits","author":"Myburgh","year":"1963"},{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0035","first-page":"277","article-title":"Low temperature sterilisation of false codling moth, Argyroploce leucotreta Meyr., in export citrus","volume":"28","author":"Myburgh","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Entomol. Soc. S. Afr"},{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0036","first-page":"194","article-title":"False codling moth Cryptophlebia leucotreta (Meyrick),","volume-title":"Citrus pests in the Republic of South Africa","author":"Newton","year":"1998"},{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0037","author":"(NWHC) Northwest Horticultural Council.","year":"2017"},{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2007.09.001","article-title":"Physico-chemical and sensory quality of \u2018Clemenules\u2019 mandarins and survival of the Mediterranean fruit fly as affected by complementary cold and carbon dioxide quarantine treatments","volume":"48","author":"Palou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Postharv. Biol. Technol"},{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0039","volume-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team.","year":"2016"},{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0040","author":"(SA-DAFF) South African Department of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries.","year":"2015"},{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0041","author":"USDA, APHIS and BAPHIQ.","year":"2013"},{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0042","author":"USDA.","year":"2019"},{"key":"2020040622361205300_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/86.1.70","article-title":"Quarantine treatments: a biological approach to decision making for selected hosts of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)","volume":"86","author":"Vail","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Economic Entomology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jee\/article-pdf\/113\/2\/700\/33017874\/toz336.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jee\/article-pdf\/113\/2\/700\/33017874\/toz336.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]],"date-time":"2020-04-06T22:40:46Z","timestamp":1586212846000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jee\/article\/113\/2\/700\/5699784"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Dong\u00a0H","family":"Cha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jee\/toz336","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0493","1938-291X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0493","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-291X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]]}}}