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Specifically, ancient genome-wide duplication occurring during arachnid evolution ~450 mya resulted in a vast assembly of gene families, yet the extent to which selection has shaped this variation is understudied. To aid in comparative genome sequence analyses, we provide a chromosome-level genome of the Western black widow spider (Latrodectus hesperus)\u2014a focus due to its silk properties, venom applications, and as a model for urban adaptation. We used long-read and Hi-C sequencing data, combined with transcriptomes, to assemble 14 chromosomes in a 1.46 Gb genome, with 38,393 genes annotated, and a BUSCO score of 95.3%. Our analyses identified high repetitive gene content and heterozygosity, consistent with other spider genomes, which has led to challenges in genome characterization. Our comparative evolutionary analyses of eight genomes available for species within the Araneoidea group (orb weavers and their descendants) identified 1,827 single-copy orthologs. Of these, 155 exhibit significant positive selection primarily associated with developmental genes, and with traits linked to sensory perception. These results support the hypothesis that several traits unique to spiders emerged from the adaptive evolution of ohnologs\u2014or retained ancestrally duplicated genes\u2014from ancient genome-wide duplication. These comparative spider genome analyses can serve as a model to understand how positive selection continually shapes ancestral duplications in generating novel traits today within and between diverse taxonomic groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/esae018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T19:06:53Z","timestamp":1712171213000},"page":"241-252","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Insight into the adaptive role of arachnid genome-wide duplication through chromosome-level genome assembly of the Western black widow spider"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"115","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0406-7985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindsay S","family":"Miles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biological Data Science, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA , United States"},{"name":"Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg, VA , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8991-1059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah","family":"Waterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences and Research and Education in Energy, Environment, and Water Institute, University at Buffalo , Buffalo, NY , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4404-1472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadia A","family":"Ayoub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Washington and Lee University , Lexington, VA , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7428-8156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica E","family":"Garb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell , Lowell, MA , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3742-3395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert A","family":"Haney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Ball State University , Muncie, IN , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7882-2467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael S","family":"Rosenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biological Data Science, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7680-5169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trevor J","family":"Krabbenhoft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences and Research and Education in Energy, Environment, and Water Institute, University at Buffalo , Buffalo, NY , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9670-4920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian C","family":"Verrelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biological Data Science, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024050916470037700_CIT0112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"msad239","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msad239","article-title":"Evolution of the spider homeobox gene repertoire by tandem and whole genome duplication","volume":"40","author":"Aase-Remedios","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"2024050916470037700_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"msad041","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msad041","article-title":"Beginner\u2019s guide on the use of PAML to detect positive 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