{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:11:51Z","timestamp":1790122311599,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":147,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Glucosamine (GlcN) and GlcN-based supplements, e.g. glucosamine hydrochloride, glucosamine sulfate, and N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc), provide symptomatic relief to osteoarthritis patients and have been used as one of the most popular nutraceuticals. To meet the increasing demands, scientists have explored cost-effective methods for GlcN and GlcNAc production using low-cost raw materials such as seafood waste. However, the commercially available GlcN and GlcNAc production methods are environmentally harmful because of the use of toxic reagents. Moreover, the raw material used might be unsafe for consumers with shrimp allergies. On the other hand, bio-based GlcN production is gaining popularity because of its eco-friendly production approach and optimum reaction conditions. In this mini-review, we will discuss the recent developments to produce GlcN and GlcNAc through (1) the chemical and enzyme-mediated approaches of crude chitin hydrolysis, primarily obtained from shrimp and crabs; (2) the whole cell-based systems for fungal derived chitin bio-transformation and fungal fermentation; and (3) the metabolic engineering and the adaptive evolution based microbial biocatalyst for a balanced cell growth and optimal production of GlcN and GlcNAc.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>One-Sentence Summary: This article summarizes the mechanism of glucosamine and N-acetyl glucosamine production using bacteria, fungi, and chemical processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jimb\/kuaf014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,25]],"date-time":"2025-05-25T07:32:29Z","timestamp":1748158349000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Recent advancement of glucosamine and N-acetyl glucosamine production using microorganisms: A review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5272-9395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anica Tasnim","family":"Protity","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"North South University Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, , Dhaka ,","place":["Bangladesh"]},{"name":"Northern Illinois University Department of Biological Sciences, , Dekalb, IL 60115 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengde","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Illinois University Department of Biological Sciences, , Dekalb, IL 60115 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2025061610513071500_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-021-01968-y","article-title":"Advances in glucosamine production from waste biomass and microbial fermentation technology and its applications","volume":"15","author":"Ahuja","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025061610513071500_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2974","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.187.9.2974-2982.2005","article-title":"Why does Escherichia coli grow more slowly on glucosamine than on N-acetylglucosamine? Effects of enzyme levels and allosteric activation of GlcN6P deaminase (NagB) on growth rates","volume":"187","author":"\u00c1lvarez-A\u00f1orve\u00a0LI\u00a0Calcagno","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Bacteriology"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025061610513071500_bib3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults and children: United States, 2007","author":"Barnes","year":"2008","journal-title":"National Health Statistics Report"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025061610513071500_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.17265\/2328-2150\/2015.01.003","article-title":"Production of glucosamine hydrochloride from crustacean shell","volume":"3","author":"Benavente","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025061610513071500_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/gch2.201800046","article-title":"General protocol to obtain D-glucosamine from biomass residues: Shrimp shells, cicada sloughs and cockroaches","volume":"2","author":"Bertuzzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Global Challenges"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025061610513071500_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.3390\/md8092493","article-title":"N-acetylglucosamine: Production and applications","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Marine Drugs"},{"key":"2025061610513071500_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2011.12.015","article-title":"Improved glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine production by an engineered Escherichia coli via step-wise regulation of dissolved oxygen level","volume":"110","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioresource Technology"},{"key":"2025061610513071500_bib42","article-title":"Glucosamine market\u2014Share, size and industry analysis","author":"Coherent Market Insights","year":"2020"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025061610513071500_bib8","first-page":"504","article-title":"Glucosamine sulphate: A controlled clinical investigation in arthrosis","volume":"2","author":"D'Ambrosio","year":"1981","journal-title":"Pharmatherapeutica"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025061610513071500_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-018-2822-3","article-title":"N-acetyl-d-glucosamine production by a chitinase of marine fungal origin: A case study of potential industrial significance for valorization of waste chitins","volume":"187","author":"Das","year":"2019","journal-title":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025061610513071500_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-857X(05)70074-0","article-title":"Nutraceuticals as therapeutic agents in osteoarthritis: The role of glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and collagen hydrolysate","volume":"25","author":"Deal","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025061610513071500_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synbio.2019.05.002","article-title":"Metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum S9114 based on whole-genome sequencing for efficient N-acetylglucosamine synthesis","volume":"4","author":"Deng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Synthetic and Systems Biotechnology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025061610513071500_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymben.2005.02.001","article-title":"Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for industrial production of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine","volume":"7","author":"Deng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Metabolic Engineering"},{"issue":"18","key":"2025061610513071500_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1016\/s0008-6215(03)00269-6","article-title":"Enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis of langostino shell chitin with mixtures of enzymes from bacterial and fungal sources","volume":"338","author":"Donzelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Carbohydrate Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025061610513071500_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0271824","article-title":"A colorimetric method for the determination of glucosamine and chondrosamine","volume":"27","author":"Elson","year":"1933","journal-title":"Biochemical Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025061610513071500_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-8524(96)00057-0","article-title":"Acid hydrolysis of shrimp-shell wastes and the production of single cell protein from the hydrolysate","volume":"57","author":"Ferrer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bioresource Technology"},{"key":"2025061610513071500_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymben.2020.08.015","article-title":"Dynamic control in metabolic engineering: Theories, tools, and applications","volume":"63","author":"Hartline","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metabolic Engineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025061610513071500_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-206792","article-title":"Combined chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine for painful knee osteoarthritis: A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial versus celecoxib","volume":"75","author":"Hochberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025061610513071500_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1021\/bp070037o","article-title":"Determination and kinetics of producing glucosamine using fungi","volume":"23","author":"Hsieh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biotechnology Progress"},{"key":"2025061610513071500_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/969012","article-title":"Effects of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate on cartilage metabolism in OA: Outlook on other nutrient partners especially omega-3 fatty acids","volume":"2011","author":"Jerosch","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Rheumatology"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025061610513071500_bib73_349_053625","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2494","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm120","article-title":"Polyadenylation of a functional mRNA controls gene expression in Escherichia coli","volume":"35","author":"Joanny","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025061610513071500_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2007.05888.x","article-title":"Feedback control of glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase GlmS expression depends on the small RNA GlmZ and involves the novel protein YhbJ in Escherichia coli","volume":"65","author":"Kalamorz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Molecular Microbiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025061610513071500_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2005.11.004","article-title":"Herb and supplement use in the US adult population","volume":"27","author":"Kennedy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clinical Therapeutics"},{"key":"2025061610513071500_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/892486","article-title":"A new HPLC-ELSD method for simultaneous determination of N-scetylglucosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine in dairy foods","volume":"2015","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Analytical Chemistry"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025061610513071500_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)93919-0","article-title":"Metabolism of D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine in the intact rat","volume":"237","author":"Kohn","year":"1962","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025061610513071500_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.48048\/wjst.2018.3666","article-title":"Physicochemical characteristics of glucosamine from blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus) shell prepared by acid hydrolysis","volume":"15","author":"Kraisangsri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Walailak Journal of Science and Technology (WJST)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025061610513071500_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s12088-011-0172-8","article-title":"Metabolic engineering of bacteria","volume":"51","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Microbiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025061610513071500_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1002\/cber.18760090251","article-title":"Ueber salzsaures glycosamin","volume":"9","author":"Ledderhose","year":"1876","journal-title":"Berichte Der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025061610513071500_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1080\/19476337.2021.1946158","article-title":"Enhanced glucosamine production from Aspergillus oryzae NCH-42 via acidic stress under submerged fermentation","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"CyTA\u2014Journal of Food"},{"issue":"14","key":"2025061610513071500_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6149","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-013-4995-6","article-title":"Microbial production of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine: Advances and perspectives","volume":"97","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology"},{"key":"2025061610513071500_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotno.2022.02.001","article-title":"Model-based dynamic engineering of Escherichia coli for N-acetylglucosamine overproduction","volume":"3","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biotechnology Notes"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025061610513071500_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1039\/C6GC02910H","article-title":"Highly efficient and selective biocatalytic production of glucosamine from chitin","volume":"19","author":"Lv","year":"2017","journal-title":"Green Chemistry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025061610513071500_bib72_275_051825","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-1836","article-title":"Glucosamine Use, Inflammation, and Genetic Susceptibility, and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Study in UK Biobank","volume":"43","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"21","key":"2025061610513071500_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5966","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c01513","article-title":"Highly efficient production of N-acetyl-glucosamine in Escherichia coli by appropriate catabolic division of labor in the utilization of mixed glycerol\/glucose carbon sources","volume":"69","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry"},{"key":"2025061610513071500_bib32","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of food grade glucosamine","author":"Malik","year":"2013"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025061610513071500_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-9592(03)00140-7","article-title":"Production of \u03b2-N-acetylhexosaminidase of Verticillium lecanii by solid state and submerged fermentations utilizing shrimp waste silage as substrate and inducer","volume":"39","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Process Biochemistry"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025061610513071500_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.11.1469","article-title":"Glucosamine and chondroitin for treatment of osteoarthritis: A systematic quality assessment and meta-analysis","volume":"283","author":"McAlindon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Jama"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025061610513071500_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2246","DOI":"10.1021\/jf062983a","article-title":"Preparation of glucosamine from exoskeleton of shrimp and predicting production yield by response surface methodology","volume":"55","author":"Mojarrad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025061610513071500_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072180","article-title":"Impact of glucosamine supplementation on gut health","volume":"13","author":"Moon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025061610513071500_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/15360280801989351","article-title":"The NIH Glucosamine\/Chondroitin Arthritis Intervention Trial (GAIT)","volume":"22","author":"National Center for Complimentary and Alternative Medicine","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Pain & Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025061610513071500_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3109\/07388551.2010.487258","article-title":"Biotechnological approaches to develop bacterial chitinases as a bioshield against fungal diseases of plants","volume":"30","author":"Neeraja","year":"2010","journal-title":"Critical Reviews in Biotechnology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025061610513071500_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S1063-4584(05)80006-8","article-title":"Glucosamine sulfate in osteoarthritis of the knee","volume":"2","author":"Noack","year":"1994","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis and Cartilage"},{"key":"2025061610513071500_bib40","article-title":"Www.grandviewresearch.com","author":"Nutraceutical Market Size Worth $722.49 Billion By 2027","year":"2025"},{"key":"2025061610513071500_bib41","article-title":"Archive.cdc.gov","author":"Osteoarthritis | CDC","year":"2024"},{"issue":"18","key":"2025061610513071500_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.18.2113","article-title":"Glucosamine sulfate use and delay of progression of knee osteoarthritis: A 3-year, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study","volume":"162","author":"Pavelk\u00e1","year":"2002","journal-title":"Archives of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"20","key":"2025061610513071500_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4832","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25204832","article-title":"Kinetic study of glucosamine production using Aspergillus sydowii BCRC 31742 under solid-state fermentation","volume":"25","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"16","key":"2025061610513071500_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4951","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.175.16.4951-4956.1993","article-title":"Coordinated regulation of amino sugar-synthesizing and -degrading enzymes in Escherichia coli K-12","volume":"175","author":"Plumbridge","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Bacteriology"},{"issue":"9252","key":"2025061610513071500_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03610-2","article-title":"Long-term effects of glucosamine sulphate on osteoarthritis progression: A randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"357","author":"Reginster","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"13","key":"2025061610513071500_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.13.1514","article-title":"Structural and symptomatic efficacy of glucosamine and chondroitin in knee osteoarthritis: A comprehensive meta-analysis","volume":"163","author":"Richy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Archives of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"2025061610513071500_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077429","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2023.1077429","article-title":"Establishment of the colloidal chitin enzymatic hydrolysis conditions to obtain N-acetyl glucosamine","volume":"7","author":"Rivera-Sol\u00eds","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025061610513071500_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60119a028","article-title":"Colorimetric method for determination of glucosamine and galactosamine","volume":"28","author":"Roseman","year":"1956","journal-title":"Analytical Chemistry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025061610513071500_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0144-8617(02)00192-3","article-title":"Enzymatic production of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine from chitin. Degradation study of N-acetylchitooligosaccharide and the effect of mixing of crude enzymes","volume":"51","author":"Sashiwa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Carbohydrate Polymers"},{"key":"2025061610513071500_bib51","first-page":"53","article-title":"Preparation of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine using enzyme from Aspergillus sp","volume":"18","author":"Setthakaset","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025061610513071500_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2244(99)00017-5","article-title":"Food applications of chitin and chitosans","volume":"10","author":"Shahidi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends in Food Science & Technology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025061610513071500_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e41540","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041540","article-title":"Who uses glucosamine and why? A study of 266,848 Australians aged 45 years and older","volume":"7","author":"Sibbritt","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025061610513071500_bib56","first-page":"393","article-title":"Aspects of glucosamine production using microorganisms","volume":"19","author":"Sitanggang\u00a0Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Food Research Journal"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025061610513071500_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2009.12.084","article-title":"Effect of pellet size and stimulating factor on the glucosamine production using Aspergillus sp. BCRC 31742","volume":"101","author":"Sitanggang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioresource Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025061610513071500_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02702963","article-title":"An enzymic method for the determination of chitin and chitosan in fungal cell walls","volume":"12","author":"Subramanyam","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Biosciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025061610513071500_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD002946","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002946.pub2","article-title":"Glucosamine therapy for treating osteoarthritis","volume":"2","author":"Towheed","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025061610513071500_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3941","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2018.9396","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of the administration of a glucosaminecontaining supplement on biomarkers for cartilage metabolism in soccer players: A randomized doubleblind placebocontrolled study","volume":"18","author":"Tsuruta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecular Medicine Reports"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025061610513071500_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2007.07.035","article-title":"A conserved small RNA promotes discoordinate expression of the glmUS operon mRNA to activate GlmS synthesis","volume":"373","author":"Urban","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Molecular Biology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025061610513071500_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020773","article-title":"Synergetic fermentation of glucose and glycerol for high-yield N-acetylglucosamine production in Escherichia coli","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"issue":"6980","key":"2025061610513071500_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02362","article-title":"Control of gene expression by a natural metabolite-responsive ribozyme","volume":"428","author":"Winkler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025061610513071500_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40643-019-0243-y","article-title":"Seafood waste: A source for preparation of commercially employable chitin\/chitosan materials","volume":"6","author":"Yadav","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioresources and Bioprocessing"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025061610513071500_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-022-03323-3","article-title":"Effects of oral treatment with chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine in an experimental model of metacarpophalangeal osteoarthritis in horses","volume":"18","author":"Yamada","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Veterinary Research"},{"issue":"7564","key":"2025061610513071500_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1038\/524155a","article-title":"Sustainability: Don't waste seafood waste","volume":"524","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025061610513071500_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.694107","article-title":"Glucosamine ameliorates symptoms of high-fat diet-fed mice by reversing imbalanced gut microbiota","volume":"12","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Pharmacology"},{"issue":"14","key":"2025061610513071500_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2790","DOI":"10.1002\/cctc.201601715","article-title":"Production of glucosamine from chitin by co-solvent promoted hydrolysis and deacetylation","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemcatchem"},{"key":"2025061610513071500_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2012.02.063","article-title":"Enhanced glucosamine production by Aspergillus sp. BCRC 31742 based on the time-variant kinetics analysis of dissolved oxygen level","volume":"111","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioresource Technology"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025061610513071500_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3203","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b07896","article-title":"CRISPRi-based dynamic control of carbon flow for efficient N-acetyl glucosamine production and its metabolomic effects in Escherichia coli","volume":"68","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry"},{"key":"2025061610513071500_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.111352","article-title":"Novel glucosamine-loaded thermosensitive hydrogels based on poloxamers for osteoarthritis therapy by intra-articular injection","volume":"118","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Materials Science and Engineering: C"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025061610513071500_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1805.05061","article-title":"Biocatalytic production of glucosamine from N-acetylglucosamine by diacetylchitobiose deacetylase","volume":"28","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025061610513071500_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-018-0871-5","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of glucosamine and chondroitin for the treatment of osteoarthritis: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research"}],"container-title":["Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimb\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jimb\/kuaf014\/63373876\/kuaf014.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jimb\/kuaf014\/63373876\/kuaf014.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jimb\/kuaf014\/63373876\/kuaf014.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T10:51:40Z","timestamp":1750071100000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimb\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jimb\/kuaf014\/8151571"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]]},"references-count":73,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jimb\/kuaf014","relation":{},"ISSN":["1367-5435","1476-5535"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1367-5435","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5535","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]]},"article-number":"kuaf014"}}