{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T15:51:34Z","timestamp":1786117894918,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":196,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Biosan Laboratories and Buckman Laboratories, Inc."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Uncontrolled, fast-growing nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in metalworking fluids (MWFs) can cause dermal lesions, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and other health complications in exposed metalworkers. Although biocides are routinely used to control microbial growth in MWF, they are often ineffective because they are unsuitable for the physical or chemical conditions of the system, added infrequently, or ineffective against the microorganisms present. Given the increasing concern for NTM in industrial settings, there is a growing need for MWF-compatible (i.e., nonoxidizing) biocides that are effective against NTM. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of four nonoxidizing biocides against fast-growing NTM species in water-based MWF. Results from a 72-hr laboratory challenge indicated that biocides containing 2-(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole (TCMTB), commonly used as a fungicide, were most effective at controlling\u00a0Mycobacterium chelonae, M. fortuitum, and field and laboratory strains of M. immunogenum. In subsequent field trials at nine MWF plants where workers had reported symptoms of dermal and lung illnesses, TCMTB consistently reduced viable NTM counts, as measured through both culture-based assays and microscopy. However, dosages needed to be increased two- to four-fold relative to the laboratory experiments to control NTM populations in systems with established biofilms. Due to the observed success of TCMTB against NTM in field context, the manufacturing plants involved in this study continued regular application of TCMTB as a preventative treatment. No additional outbreaks were observed throughout our follow-up period, which, in several cases, spanned approximately 10 years. The results suggest that TCMTB may provide an efficacious method for treating and preventing NTM contamination in MWF systems. Future studies should explore the mechanism of action of the sulfur-rich chemical structure of TCMTB to potentially guide the development and synthesis of related compounds with anti-NTM properties.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>One sentence summary 2--(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole kills fast-growing nontuberculous mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium immunogenum, and prevents worker infections based on laboratory, field trial, and long-term (6\u201310 years) industrial studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jimb\/kuag019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T11:45:26Z","timestamp":1784202326000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Laboratory and field performance of 2-(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole against fast-growing nontuberculous mycobacteria found in metalworking fluid"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8338-9394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher L","family":"Wiatr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology & Biochemistry, Performance Chemicals, Buckman, Inc. , Memphis, TN ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carey","family":"Cribbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology, Biosan Laboratories , Warren, MI ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C B","family":"French","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metalworking Marketing, Performance Chemicals, Buckman, Inc. , Memphis, TN ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"2026080610415314700_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a021113","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a021113","article-title":"The mycobacterial cell wall\u2014peptidoglycan and arabinogalactan","volume":"5","author":"Alderwick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026080610415314700_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4958","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1403078111","article-title":"Mycobacterial outer membrane is a lipid bilayer and the inner membrane is unusually rich in diacyl phosphatidylinositol dimannosides","volume":"111","author":"Bansal-Mutalik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2026080610415314700_bib3","article-title":"Lung nontuberculous mycobacterial infections","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Bethencourt","year":"2024"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080610415314700_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1007\/s13671-023-00417-5","article-title":"Nontuberculous mycobacterial infections and management for the inpatient dermatologist","volume":"12","author":"Bo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Current Dermatology Reports"},{"key":"2026080610415314700_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.64.070195.000333","article-title":"The envelope of mycobacteria","volume":"64","author":"Brennan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annual Review of Biochemistry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080610415314700_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02936-14","article-title":"Absence of a functional erm gene in isolates of mycobacterium immunogenum and the mycobacterium mucogenicum group, based on in vitro clarithromycin susceptibility","volume":"53","author":"Brown-Elliott","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"2026080610415314700_bib7","article-title":"TCMTB is the fungicide that controls yeasts and molds in industrial waters, paper production, paints & coatings, and leather","author":"Buckman Laboratories, Inc. 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