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This study developed a composite microbial deodorant (CMD) using five bacterial strains isolated from activated sludge, combined in an optimal 1:1:1:1:1 ratio determined by orthogonal testing, to mitigate emissions of NH\u2083 and H\u2082S\u2014key hazardous and odorous pollutants. In laboratory simulations, the CMD reduced NH\u2083 and H\u2082S by 82.1% and 86.1%, respectively. A pivotal 6-month field evaluation in three common types of rural household toilets demonstrated sustained, real-world efficacy, with peak removal rates of 79.43% for NH\u2083 and 80.83% for H\u2082S. The intervention also conserved nitrogen, reducing total nitrogen loss by 14.8%. Metagenomic analysis revealed the mechanistic basis: the CMD reshaped microbial metabolic pathways by upregulating genes for nitrification (hao) and sulfur oxidation (sqr), while suppressing reductive genes (nif, aprA), thus curbing emissions at source. This work provides robust field evidence that an in situ microbial strategy can effectively and sustainably improve household air quality in rural settings, offering a practical, low\u2013cost, and eco\u2013friendly solution for in situ odor control in rural sanitation- a critical step for sustaining the health benefits of the \u2018\u2018Toilet Revolution\u2019\u2019 and improving rural living environments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>One-Sentence Summary A composite microbial deodorant effectively reduces ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions and improves air quality in rural household toilets through 6-month field validation, providing an eco-friendly and low-cost odor control solution for rural sanitation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jimb\/kuag024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T12:26:26Z","timestamp":1791980786000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Field-validated microbial deodorant reduces hazardous gas exposure and improves air quality in rural household toilets"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Shangyi","family":"Shu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Agricultural Planning and Engineering (AAPE) , MARA, Beijing ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujun","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Agricultural Planning and Engineering (AAPE) , MARA, Beijing ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lage","family":"Wuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Agricultural Planning and Engineering (AAPE) , MARA, Beijing ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiman","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Agricultural Planning and Engineering (AAPE) , MARA, Beijing ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences , Beijing ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingtao","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Agricultural Planning and Engineering (AAPE) , MARA, Beijing ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2367-7580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huihui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Agricultural Planning and Engineering (AAPE) , MARA, Beijing ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101408114484400_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.114194","article-title":"Cellulolytic bacteria joined with deproteinized whey decrease carbon to nitrogen ratio and improve stability of compost from wine production chain by-products","volume":"304","author":"Alfonzo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Management"},{"key":"2026101408114484400_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-018-0078-0","article-title":"Expanded diversity of microbial groups that shape the dissimilatory sulfur cycle","volume":"12","author":"Anantharaman","year":"2018","journal-title":"The ISME Journal"},{"key":"2026101408114484400_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.121229","article-title":"Effect of iron-carbon microelectrolysis and magnetite on biological nitrogen removal: Analysis of microbial communities, functional genes, and mechanisms","volume":"274","author":"Ao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"key":"2026101408114484400_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.03.093","article-title":"Biological methods for odor treatment\u2013A review","volume":"152","author":"Barbusinski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"key":"2026101408114484400_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2008.11.027","article-title":"Composting of animal manures and chemical criteria for compost maturity assessment. 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