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All these ASCs specialize in secreting important amounts of antibodies and usually lose other functionalities of na\u00efve B cells. This differentiation process is scarcely characterized in teleost fish, in which B cells have been shown to share many functional and phenotypic characteristics of mammalian B1 innate subsets. In this context, we were prompted to investigate further the functionalities of ASCs in teleosts, using rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as a model. Our results demonstrate that IgM+ plasma-like cells in the rainbow trout head kidney exhibit a strong IgM secreting capacity along with phagocytic and antigen-presenting capacities, even higher than those of na\u00efve B cells. These IgM+ plasma-like cells were capable of surviving in vitro for 2\u2009wk secreting IgM. Interestingly, they retained a functional B cell receptor that responded to TNP conjugated to lipopolysaccharide, a thymus-independent model antigen, which also rendered these cells more reactive to B cell receptor crosslinking. These findings shed light on the differentiation process of teleost B cells, demonstrating that teleost plasma-like cells conserve other phenotypical attributes beyond immunoglobulin secretion, being capable of directly responding to antigens. These findings point to an exclusive differentiation process of teleost B cells, which might provide mechanistic insights on how mammalian innate subsets such as B1 cells or IgM-expressing plasma cells differentiate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jimmun\/vkae001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T09:57:17Z","timestamp":1737626237000},"page":"40-54","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Teleost IgM+ plasma-like cells: beyond antibody secretion"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"214","author":[{"given":"Liting","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, South China Normal University , Guangzhou,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Morel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas , Madrid,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6584-5141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roc\u00edo","family":"Sim\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas , Madrid,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5471-9550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Perdiguero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid , Madrid,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9956-3879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong-An","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4452-7678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianmin","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, South China Normal University , Guangzhou,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0860-2976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Tafalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas , Madrid,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025020516004589300_vkae001-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.09.001","article-title":"Germinal center B cell 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