{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:06:25Z","timestamp":1792785985533,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HD100832"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HD100832"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 GM11484"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 GM11484"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Research Resource for Quantitative Mapping in the Life Sciences"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute for General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P41 GM135018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P41 GM135018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Autoimmune regulator (AIRE), a transcriptional regulator expressed by medullary thymic epithelial cells, is required for shaping the self-antigen tolerant T cell receptor repertoire. In humans, AIRE mutations caues autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1. Among other symptoms, men with autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 commonly experience testicular insufficiency and infertility, but the mechanisms causing infertility are unknown. Using an Aire-deficient mouse model, we demonstrate that male subfertility is caused by sterile epididymitis characterized by immune cell infiltration and extensive fibrosis. In addition, we reveal that the presence of autoreactive immune cells and inflammation in epididymides of Aire-deficient mice are required for iron deposition in the interstitium, which is brought on by macrophages. We further demonstrate that male subfertility is associated with a decrease in metals zinc, copper, and selenium, which serve as cofactors in several antioxidant enzymes. We also show an increase in DNA damage of epididymal sperm of Aire\u2212\/\u2212 animals as a key contributing factor to subfertility. The absence of Aire results in autoimmune attack of the epididymis leading to fibrosis, iron deposition, and copper, zinc, and selenium imbalance, ultimately resulting in sperm DNA damage and subfertility. These results highlight the requirement of Aire to promote immune tolerance to the epididymis, and that its disruption causes an imbalance of inorganic elements with resulting consequence on male fertility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jimmun\/vkaf054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T16:11:27Z","timestamp":1745424687000},"page":"1504-1516","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Autoimmune regulator deficiency causes sterile epididymitis and impacts male fertility through disruption of inorganic physiology"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"214","author":[{"given":"Soo Hyun","family":"Ahn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4830-2079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katrina","family":"Halgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, Lyman Briggs College, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0099-7018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geoffrey","family":"Grzesiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith W","family":"MacRenaris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elemental Health Institute and Department of Microbiology, Genetics, and Immunology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Genetics, and Immunology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Sue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elemental Health Institute and Department of Microbiology, Genetics, and Immunology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Genetics, and Immunology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huirong","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transgenic and Genome Editing Facility, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Research Technology Support Facility, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Demireva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transgenic and Genome Editing Facility, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Research Technology Support Facility, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8732-5059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas V","family":"O\u2019Halloran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elemental Health Institute and Department of Microbiology, Genetics, and Immunology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Genetics, and Immunology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret G","family":"Petroff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Genetics, and Immunology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B1"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.12.103","article-title":"Diagnostic evaluation of the infertile male: a committee opinion","volume":"103","author":"Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e442","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa781","article-title":"Male infertility due to testicular disorders","volume":"106","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/01.XHA.0000397686.82729.09","article-title":"Unexplained male infertility","volume":"1","author":"Hamada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum Androl"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13389","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13389","article-title":"The impact of autoimmune systemic inflammation and associated medications on male reproductive health in patients with chronic rheumatological, dermatological, and gastroenterological diseases: a systematic review","volume":"85","author":"Finelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1075958","article-title":"Projection of an immunological self shadow within the thymus by the aire protein","volume":"298","author":"Anderson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199006283222601","article-title":"Clinical variation of autoimmune polyendocrinopathy\u2013candidiasis\u2013ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) in a series of 68 patients","volume":"322","author":"Ahonen","year":"1990","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra030158","article-title":"Autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes","volume":"350","author":"Eisenbarth","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2010.40","article-title":"Autoimmune polyglandular syndromes","volume":"6","author":"Michels","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2021.05.021","article-title":"Multiple lesions contribute to infertility in males lacking autoimmune regulator","volume":"191","author":"Warren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0070-2153(08)60337-3","article-title":"The role of the epididymis in the protection of spermatozoa","volume":"33","author":"Hinton","year":"1996","journal-title":"Curr Top Dev Biol"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12630","article-title":"Orchestrating the antioxidant defenses in the epididymis","volume":"7","author":"O\u2019Flaherty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12320","article-title":"Molecular changes and signaling events occurring in spermatozoa during epididymal maturation","volume":"5","author":"Gervasi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B14","first-page":"515","article-title":"The first cleavage of tubal sheep eggs after fertilization with epididymal or ejaculated spermatozoa","volume":"292","author":"Fournier-Delpech","year":"1981","journal-title":"C R Seances Acad Sci III"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.55474","article-title":"An atlas of cell types in the mouse epididymis and vas deferens","volume":"9","author":"Rinaldi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.10312","article-title":"Contribution of epididymal secretory proteins for spermatozoa maturation","volume":"61","author":"Dacheux","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7262.2007.00299.x","article-title":"Regulation of vacuolar proton pumping ATPase-dependent luminal acidification in the epididymis","volume":"9","author":"Da Silva","year":"2007","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod33.3.588","article-title":"Effects of pH, lactate, and viscoelastic drag on sperm motility: a species comparison","volume":"33","author":"Carr","year":"1985","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14668","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.656363","article-title":"Expression of a catalytically inactive mutant form of glutathione peroxidase 4 (Gpx4) confers a dominant-negative effect in male fertility","volume":"290","author":"Ingold","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B20","first-page":"2074","article-title":"Epididymis seleno-independent glutathione peroxidase 5 maintains sperm DNA integrity in mice","volume":"119","author":"Chabory","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2022.102183","article-title":"Selenoprotein TXNRD3 supports male fertility via the redox regulation of spermatogenesis","volume":"298","author":"Dou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1139\/y93-108","article-title":"Zinc and selenium, site-specific versus general antioxidation","volume":"71","author":"Bettger","year":"1993","journal-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-89340-8_15","article-title":"Sperm redox system equilibrium: Implications for fertilization and male fertility","volume":"1358","author":"Hamilton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2022.102152","article-title":"Quantitative imaging approaches to understanding biological processing of metal ions","volume":"69","author":"Zee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin Chem Biol"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1258\/la.2012.150312","article-title":"Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals (8th edn)","volume":"46","author":"Albus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lab Anim"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00854-4","article-title":"PNLDC1 is essential for piRNA 3\u2032 end trimming and transposon silencing during spermatogenesis in mice","volume":"8","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B27","volume-title":"The guide to investigation of mouse pregnancy","author":"Croy","year":"2018"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2508","DOI":"10.1039\/c1ja10172b","article-title":"Iolite: Freeware for the visualisation and processing of mass spectrometric data","volume":"26","author":"Paton","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Anal At Spectrom"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.111.097501","article-title":"The autoimmune regulator prevents premature reproductive senescence in female mice","volume":"86","author":"Jasti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11081095","article-title":"Myofibroblasts: Function, formation, and scope of molecular therapies for skin fibrosis","volume":"11","author":"Tai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i5.521","article-title":"Iron and liver fibrosis: Mechanistic and clinical aspects","volume":"25","author":"Mehta","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B32","first-page":"695","article-title":"Iron overload in patients with chronic liver disease","volume":"12","author":"Kowdley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y)"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5401","article-title":"Critical role for iron accumulation in the pathogenesis of fibrotic lung disease","volume":"251","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.11.033","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers profibrotic macrophage responses and lung fibrosis","volume":"184","author":"Wendisch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1978.58.2.317","article-title":"Ferritin: structure, biosynthesis, and role in iron metabolism","volume":"58","author":"Munro","year":"1978","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.50.5.471","article-title":"Murine eosinophil granulocytes bind the murine macrophage-monocyte specific monoclonal antibody F4\/80","volume":"50","author":"McGarry","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1206713","article-title":"Mouse neutrophilic granulocytes express mRNA encoding the macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (CSF-1R) as well as many other macrophage-specific transcripts and can transdifferentiate into macrophages in vitro in response to CSF-1","volume":"82","author":"Sasmono","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731107000961","article-title":"Effect of ferrous sulphate and ascorbic acid on motility, viability and lipid peroxidation of crossbred cattle bull spermatozoa","volume":"2","author":"Bansal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gal119","article-title":"Analysis of lipid peroxidation in human spermatozoa using BODIPY C11","volume":"13","author":"Aitken","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.06.021","article-title":"Iron metabolism and toxicity","volume":"202","author":"Papanikolaou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cotox.2017.11.001","article-title":"DNA damage by oxidative stress: Measurement strategies for two genomes","volume":"7","author":"Gonzalez-Hunt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Toxicol"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deg202","article-title":"Oxidative DNA damage in human sperm influences time to pregnancy","volume":"18","author":"Loft","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B43","first-page":"2074","article-title":"Epididymis seleno-independent glutathione peroxidase 5 maintains sperm DNA integrity in mice","volume":"119","author":"Chabory","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-020-03215-8","article-title":"Region-specific immune responses to autoimmune epididymitis in the murine reproductive tract","volume":"381","author":"Wijayarathna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e82193","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.82193","article-title":"The regional distribution of resident immune cells shapes distinct immunological environments along the murine epididymis","volume":"11","author":"Pleuger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2022.102509","article-title":"Inhibition of ferroptosis and iron accumulation alleviates pulmonary fibrosis in a bleomycin model","volume":"57","author":"Pei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20162152","article-title":"Monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages drive lung fibrosis and persist in the lung over the life span","volume":"214","author":"Misharin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-023-00928-2","article-title":"Iron accumulation drives fibrosis, senescence and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype","volume":"5","author":"Maus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e55984","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055984","article-title":"Dendritic cells are the major antigen presenting cells in inflammatory lesions of murine Mycoplasma respiratory disease","volume":"8","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.100841","article-title":"Principles of cell circuits for tissue repair and fibrosis","volume":"23","author":"Adler","year":"2020","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)48261-0","article-title":"Semen selenium and human fertility","volume":"42","author":"Bleau","year":"1984","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B52","first-page":"343","article-title":"Role of trace elements for oxidative status and quality of human sperm","volume":"34","author":"Nenkova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Balkan Med J"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod28.5.1129","article-title":"Role of superoxide dismutase in protecting rabbit spermatozoa from O2 toxicity due to lipid peroxidation","volume":"28","author":"Alvarez","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2795(199812)51:4<362::AID-MRD2>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"GPx3: the plasma-type glutathione peroxidase is expressed under androgenic control in the mouse epididymis and vas deferens","volume":"51","author":"Schwaab","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol Reprod Dev"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.110.012823","article-title":"Glutathione peroxidases at work on epididymal spermatozoa: An example of the dual effect of reactive oxygen species on mammalian male fertilizing ability","volume":"32","author":"Noblanc","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2005.12.027","article-title":"The antioxidant glutathione peroxidase family and spermatozoa: a complex story","volume":"250","author":"Drevet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2022.102077","article-title":"Redox regulation by TXNRD3 during epididymal maturation underlies capacitation-associated mitochondrial activity and sperm motility in mice","volume":"298","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2306797120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2306797120","article-title":"Regulatory T cells play a crucial role in maintaining sperm tolerance and male fertility","volume":"120","author":"Barrachina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(97)00536-0","article-title":"Sperm deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation is increased in poor-quality semen samples and correlates with failed fertilization in intracytoplasmic sperm injection","volume":"69","author":"Lopes","year":"1998","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2003.12.039","article-title":"Extent of nuclear DNA damage in ejaculated spermatozoa impacts on blastocyst development after in vitro fertilization","volume":"82","author":"Seli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B61","first-page":"223","article-title":"Racial disparities in colorectal cancer clinicopathological and molecular tumor characteristics: a systematic review","volume":"35","author":"Lawler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"2025073103522566900_vkaf054-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.123563","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 promotes fibrosis after severe acute kidney injury by enhancing renal macrophage infiltration","volume":"3","author":"Chung","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCI Insight"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/214\/7\/1504\/62995055\/vkaf054.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/214\/7\/1504\/62995055\/vkaf054.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T07:52:42Z","timestamp":1753948362000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article\/214\/7\/1504\/8118783"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jimmun\/vkaf054","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2025.01.11.632558","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0022-1767","1550-6606"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1767","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-6606","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]}}}