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The role of their induction, turnover and competition dynamics among different antigen-specific bone marrow plasma cell subsets is not well understood. This study addresses the co-expression of CD19 and CD56 on both antigen-specific and total human bone marrow plasma cells (BMPC) using multiparametric flow cytometry and data from a previous single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) study. While the RNA-seq data reflects characteristics of total BMPC, flow cytometry data enables detailed comparison of antigen-specific subsets, such as tetanus toxoid (TT)\u2013 and receptor binding domain (RBD, a region of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein)\u2013specific BMPC. CD56 expression is enriched among CD19\u2013 BMPC, particularly on those expressing IgG. RBD-specific BMPC typically lack CD56 expression, while TT-specific BMPC exhibit a substantially enriched CD56+CD19\u2013 BMPC population. Phenotypic and transcriptional characteristics (CD19 and NCAM1 [CD56] co-expression) together with distinct transcriptional profiles (including cell\u2013cell adhesion, endopeptidase activity) and IgG\/IgA expression identified remarkable differences between RBD-specific and TT-specific BMPC. These findings suggest that CD56 likely facilitates tissue retention of rather long-lived BMPC lacking CD19 expression. Given the emerging potential of selective BMPC subsets, this study may provide a rational for optimized vaccination protocols, as well as for selective plasma-cell targeting in autoimmunity. In this context, CD56+CD19\u2013 BMPC emerge as potential candidates for a long-lived and stable compartment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jimmun\/vkaf059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,29]],"date-time":"2025-06-29T01:17:47Z","timestamp":1751159867000},"page":"3453-3464","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Distinct expression of CD56 and CD19 marks molecular and functional endotypes of tetanus- versus RBD-specific human bone marrow plasma cells"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"214","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3232-6403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yidan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin , Berlin,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Szelinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin , Berlin,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7171-7952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Ferreira-Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6179-0670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawel","family":"Durek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz 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