{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T18:58:19Z","timestamp":1791917899100,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"WE&ME Foundation"},{"name":"Poly-Bio Research Foundation"},{"name":"Carol L. Sirot Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI157488"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI157488"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute Collaborative COVID-19 Initiative"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute Emerging Pathogens Initiative"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000011","name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000011","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Brazilian Federal Agency for Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education","award":["88887.695252\/2022-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.695252\/2022-00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME\/CFS) is a complex heterogeneous multiorgan disease that can have severe impact on individuals' quality of life. Diagnosis of ME\/CFS is based on symptom presentation, and a significant goal for the field is to establish meaningful subtypes. The heterogeneity in the literature suggests that individuals living with ME\/CFS may suffer from overlapping but different underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. We enrolled 40 participants with ME\/CFS and 41 matched healthy control subjects at the Brag\u00e9e Clinic in Sweden. We assessed plasma samples from both ME\/CFS cases and control groups and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from individuals with ME\/CFS. We investigated dysregulated pathways and disease profiles through clinical questionnaires; multiplex analyses of cytokines, hormones, and matrix metalloproteinases; pathogen seroreactivity through peptide display bacteria libraries; and high-throughput microarray for autoantibodies. All samples used were from humans. We show altered interaction patterns between circulating biological factors in plasma of ME\/CFS participants. Our analysis of CSF from individuals with ME\/CFS revealed different immunotypes of disease. We found 2 patient clusters based on matrix metalloproteinases profiles. The subgroups had similar clinical presentation but distinct pathogen exposure and CSF inflammatory profiles. Our findings shed light on ME\/CFS immune phenotypes and generate hypotheses for future research in disease pathogenesis and treatment development by exploring disease subgroups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jimmun\/vkaf087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T16:12:02Z","timestamp":1747325522000},"page":"1539-1551","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Cerebrospinal fluid immune phenotyping reveals distinct immunotypes of myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"214","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5502-9730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria C","family":"Bastos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, CT,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Inflama\u00e7\u00e3o e Imunidade, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de G\u00f3es, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2988-2436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kerrie A","family":"Greene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, CT,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Tabachnikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, CT,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0801-1543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bornali","family":"Bhattacharjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, CT,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Center for Infection and Immunity, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, CT,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per","family":"Sj\u00f6gren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Brag\u00e9e Clinics , Stockholm,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0347-6154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Bertilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Brag\u00e9e Clinics , Stockholm,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5421-7756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jack","family":"Reifert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SerImmune Inc. , Goleta, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2347-0569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minlu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SerImmune Inc. , Goleta, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathy","family":"Kamath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SerImmune Inc. , Goleta, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Shon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SerImmune Inc. , Goleta, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeff R","family":"Gehlhausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, CT,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0609-1073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leying","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infection and Immunity, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, CT,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health , New Haven, CT,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2276-2415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"VanElzakker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PolyBio Research Foundation , Medford, MA,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Division of Neurotherapeutics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA,","place":["United 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