{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:44:06Z","timestamp":1792172646460,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":30,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Canadian Institutes of HealthResearch","award":["MA-9256"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MA-9256"]}]},{"name":"Canadian Institutes of HealthResearch","award":["MT-11262"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MT-11262"]}]},{"name":"Canadian Institutes of HealthResearch","award":["MT-14818"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MT-14818"]}]},{"name":"Canadian Institutes of HealthResearch","award":["RO-15174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO-15174"]}]},{"name":"Canadian Institutes of HealthResearch","award":["MOP-14818"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOP-14818"]}]},{"name":"Canadian Institutes of HealthResearch","award":["PJT-153001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJT-153001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007155","name":"Medical Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PIN 22346"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIN 22346"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Cancer Research Society Inc."},{"name":"Canada and the Environment Cancer Grant - Read for Cure"},{"name":"Canada Research Chair in Viral Hepatitis"},{"name":"Canada Research Chair Program"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"CIHR","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000196","name":"Canada Foundation for Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005616","name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005616","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Infection of eastern North American woodchucks (Marmota monax) with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) represents the most valuable immunopathogenic model of hepatitis type B that, like in humans, can advance stepwise from acute hepatitis to chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or become self-resolving and persist as a clinically asymptomatic infection throughout the lifespan. This naturally occurring model is utilized for both basic research and preclinical assessments of anti\u2013hepatitis B virus (HBV) agents and immunotherapies against chronic hepatitis B and HCC. The main advantages of the system include a close molecular and immunogenic compatibility between HBV and WHV, equivalence in immune responses in different forms of infection and stages of hepatitis, human-compatible responsiveness to antivirals and immunotherapies, and the fact that virus\u2013host interactions occur in an innately virus-susceptible, immunologically intact host. Woodchuck-WHV infection offers a well-characterized and all-inclusive system to advance studies on HBV pathogenicity and oncogenicity, and for discovery and preclinical validations of new therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jimmun\/vkaf231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T08:01:30Z","timestamp":1761897690000},"page":"2504-2514","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Immunological aspects of naturally occurring model of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, hepatitis B, and HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma in the American woodchuck\n                    <i>Marmota monax<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"214","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1438-0588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz I","family":"Michalak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Virology and Hepatology Research Group, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland , St John\u2019s, NL,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B1","author":"Hepatitis B fact sheet","year":"2025"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B2","author":"International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.02.031","article-title":"Molecular biology of hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"479\u2013480","author":"Seeger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2007.12.024","article-title":"Hepatitis B viruses: reverse transcription a different way","volume":"134","author":"Nassal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104973","article-title":"HBV evolution and genetic variability: impact on prevention, treatment and development of antivirals","volume":"186","author":"Glebe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2024.110197","article-title":"Evolution and diversity of the hepatitis B virus genome: clinical implications","volume":"598","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e317","DOI":"10.1038\/oncsis.2017.22","article-title":"Initial sites of hepadnavirus integration into host genome in human hepatocytes and in the woodchuck model of hepatitis B\u2013associated hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"6","author":"Chauhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncogenesis"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02007-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02007-17","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus DNA integration occurs early in the viral life cycle in an in vitro infection model via sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide-dependent uptake of enveloped virus particles","volume":"92","author":"Tu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14849","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241914849","article-title":"The initial hepatitis B virus\u2013hepatocyte genomic integrations and their role in hepatocellular oncogenesis","volume":"24","author":"Michalak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cancergen.2020.02.001","article-title":"Kinetics of DNA damage repair response accompanying initial hepadnavirus-host genomic integration in woodchuck hepatitis virus infection of hepatocyte","volume":"244","author":"Chauhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Genet"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00853","article-title":"Diverse virus and host-dependent mechanisms influence the systemic and intrahepatic immune responses in the woodchuck model of hepatitis B","volume":"11","author":"Michalak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695384","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.695384","article-title":"Hepadnaviral lymphotropism and its relevance to HBV persistence and pathogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Coffin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.3390\/v14081711","article-title":"Recent drug development in the woodchuck model of chronic hepatitis B","volume":"14","author":"Suresh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B14","first-page":"139","article-title":"The woodchuck animal model of hepatitis B","volume":"4","author":"Michalak","year":"1998","journal-title":"Viral Hepatitis Rev"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i1.104","article-title":"The woodchuck as an animal model for pathogenesis and therapy of chronic hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"13","author":"Menne","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B16","first-page":"322","article-title":"Autoantibody pattern in a woodchuck model of hepatitis B","volume":"13","author":"Dzwonkowski","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Invest Med"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510250333","article-title":"Virus-induced anti-asialoglycoprotein receptor autoimmunity in experimental hepadnaviral hepatitis","volume":"25","author":"Diao","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.2147\/JHC.S426442","article-title":"Immune effects of cryoablation in woodchuck hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"10","author":"Mauda-Havakuk","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hepatocell Carcinoma"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B19","first-page":"8","article-title":"Progress report on HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections 2021. Accountability for the global health sector strategies 2016\u20132021: actions for impact","author":"World Health Organization;","year":"2016"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010500","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic viral hepatitis: where do we stand?","volume":"23","author":"Russo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116950","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus persistence after recovery from acute viral hepatitis","volume":"93","author":"Michalak","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.07.014","article-title":"Statements from the Taormina expert meeting on occult hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"49","author":"Raimondo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.22312","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus quasispecies in hepatic and extrahepatic viral reservoirs in liver transplant recipients on prophylactic therapy","volume":"17","author":"Coffin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.03.034","article-title":"Update of the statements on biology and clinical impact of occult hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"71","author":"Raimondo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-316490","article-title":"Multiple HBV transfusion transmissions from undetected occult infections: revising the minimal infectious dose","volume":"68","author":"Candotti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2019.01.002","article-title":"Vertically acquired occult hepatitis B virus infection may become overt after several years","volume":"78","author":"Eilard","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.05.042","article-title":"Occult hepatitis B infection and hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiology, virology, hepatocarcinogenesis and clinical significance","volume":"73","author":"Mak","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2024.2438752","article-title":"Drug-induced hepatitis B reactivation: insights from FAERS database analysis","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13090","article-title":"Biological basis for functional cure of chronic hepatitis B","volume":"26","author":"Martinez","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e163175","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI163175","article-title":"Functional cure of hepatitis B requires silencing covalently closed circular and integrated hepatitis B virus DNA","volume":"132","author":"Ghany","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B32","author":"Guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, care and treatment for people with chronic hepatitis B infection. World Health Organization","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12102","article-title":"Hepatitis B vaccination with or without hepatitis B immunoglobulin at birth to babies born of HBsAg-positive mothers prevents overt HBV transmission but may not prevent occult HBV infection in babies: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Pande","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.08.18.25333933"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20419","article-title":"Persistence of isolated antibodies to woodchuck hepatitis virus core antigen is indicative of occult virus infection","volume":"40","author":"Coffin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290329","article-title":"Occult life-long persistence of infectious hepadnavirus and residual liver inflammation in woodchucks convalescent from acute viral hepatitis","volume":"29","author":"Michalak","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5682","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i43.5682","article-title":"Persistent occult hepatitis B virus infection: experimental findings and clinical implications","volume":"13","author":"Mulrooney-Cousins","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.78.4.1730-1738.2004","article-title":"Low doses of hepadnavirus induce infection of the lymphatic system that does not engage the liver","volume":"78","author":"Michalak","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24551","article-title":"Occult hepatitis B infection and HBV replicative activity in patients with cryptogenic cause of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"54","author":"Wong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI5048","article-title":"Persistence of infectious hepadnavirus in the offspring of woodchuck mothers recovered from viral hepatitis","volume":"104","author":"Coffin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3861","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004332","article-title":"Primary occult hepadnavirus infection induces virus-specific T-cell and aberrant cytokine responses in the absence of antiviral antibody reactivity in the woodchuck model of hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"83","author":"Gujar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004332","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004332","article-title":"Primary seronegative but molecularly evident hepadnaviral infection engages liver and induces hepatocellular carcinoma in the woodchuck model of hepatitis B","volume":"10","author":"Mulrooney-Cousins","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.58.1.1-8.1986","article-title":"Hepadnavirus infection of peripheral blood lymphocytes in vivo: woodchuck and chimpanzee models of viral hepatitis","volume":"58","author":"Korba","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890210407","article-title":"Splenic replication of hepatitis B virus in the chimpanzee chronic carrier","volume":"21","author":"Lieberman","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(87)90205-4","article-title":"Duck hepatitis B virus DNA in liver, spleen, and pancreas: analysis by in situ and Southern blot hybridization","volume":"158","author":"Jilbert","year":"1987","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/02648725.2018.1474324","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus lymphotropism: emerging details and challenges","volume":"34","author":"Joshi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143258","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1143258","article-title":"New insights into hepatitis B virus lymphotropism: implications for HBV-related lymphomagenesis","volume":"13","author":"Svicher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275800","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1275800","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus and B-cell lymphoma: evidence, unmet need, clinical impact, and opportunities","volume":"13","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25730","article-title":"Transcriptomic analysis of the woodchuck model of chronic hepatitis B","volume":"56","author":"Fletcher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.05.010","article-title":"Hepatitis B vaccination: disease and cancer prevention\u2014a Taiwanese experience","volume":"14","author":"Chang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8579","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01022-08","article-title":"Intrahepatic expression of genes affiliated with innate and adaptive immune responses immediately after invasion and during acute infection with woodchuck hepadnavirus","volume":"82","author":"Guy","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6669","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401771101","article-title":"Genomic analysis of the host response to hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"101","author":"Wieland","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6992","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00661-08","article-title":"Aberrant lymphocyte activation preceded delayed virus-specific T cell response after both primary infection and secondary exposure to hepadnavirus in the woodchuck model of hepatitis B infection","volume":"82","author":"Gujar","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.05.001","article-title":"Pre-acute hepadnaviral infection is associated with activation-induced apoptotic death of lymphocytes in the woodchuck (Marmota monax) model of hepatitis B","volume":"34","author":"Gujar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3509","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.156.9.3509","article-title":"Programmed cell death in peripheral lymphocytes from HIV-infected persons: increased susceptibility to apoptosis of CD4 and CD8 T cells correlates with lymphocyte activation and with disease progression","volume":"156","author":"Gougeon","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10236","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.12.10236-10244.1999","article-title":"Lymphocyte activation during acute simian\/human immunodeficiency virus SHIV(89.6PD) infection in macaques","volume":"73","author":"Wallace","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50310","article-title":"Kinetics of the immune response during HBV and HCV infection","volume":"38","author":"Bertoletti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/s1074-7613(00)80573-7","article-title":"Virus-specific CD8+ T cells in primary and secondary influenza pneumonia","volume":"8","author":"Flynn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.18.1.561","article-title":"Accessing complexity: the dynamics of virus-specific T cell responses","volume":"18","author":"Doherty","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.29004","article-title":"Augmented hepatic interferon gamma expression and T-cell influx characterize acute hepatitis progressing to recovery and residual lifelong virus persistence in experimental adult woodchuck hepatitis virus infection","volume":"34","author":"Hodgson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.21748","article-title":"Pathogenesis of experimental neonatal woodchuck hepatitis virus infection: chronicity as an outcome of infection is associated with a diminished acute hepatitis that is temporally deficient for the expression of interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha messenger RNAs","volume":"33","author":"Nakamura","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1008248","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008248","article-title":"Innate and adaptive immunity associated with resolution of acute woodchuck hepatitis virus infection in adult woodchucks","volume":"15","author":"Suresh","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713420","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.713420","article-title":"Involvement of innate immune receptors in the resolution of acute hepatitis B in woodchucks","volume":"12","author":"Suresh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.03007","article-title":"Differential expression of woodchuck Toll-like receptors 1\u201310 in distinct forms of infection and stages of hepatitis in experimental hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"9","author":"Williams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.76.4.1769-1780.2002","article-title":"Deficiencies in the acute-phase cell-mediated immune response to viral antigens are associated with development of chronic woodchuck hepatitis virus infection following neonatal inoculation","volume":"76","author":"Menne","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.71.1.65-74.1997","article-title":"Characterization of T-cell response to woodchuck hepatitis virus core protein and protection of woodchucks from infection by immunization with peptides containing a T-cell epitope","volume":"71","author":"Menne","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1081\/IMM-55834","article-title":"Flow cytometric quantification of T cell proliferation and division kinetics in woodchuck model of hepatitis B","volume":"34","author":"Gujar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunol Invest"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0190058","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190058","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of anti-PD-L1 therapy in the woodchuck model of HBV infection","volume":"13","author":"Balsitis","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011070","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1011070","article-title":"Identification of antibodies cross-reactive with woodchuck immune cells and activation of virus-specific and global cytotoxic T cell responses by anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 in experimental chronic hepatitis B and persistent occult hepadnaviral infection","volume":"13","author":"Corkum","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840080312","article-title":"Interaction of woodchuck hepatitis virus surface antigen with hepatocyte plasma membrane in woodchuck chronic hepatitis","volume":"8","author":"Michalak","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840080312","article-title":"Molecular species of hepadnavirus core and envelope polypeptides in hepatocyte plasma membrane of woodchucks with acute and chronic viral hepatitis","volume":"20","author":"Michalak","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4483","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.74.10.4483-4494.2000","article-title":"Posttranscriptional inhibition of class I major histocompatibility complex presentation on hepatocytes and lymphoid cells in chronic woodchuck hepatitis virus infection","volume":"74","author":"Michalak","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8541","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00830-06","article-title":"Inhibition by woodchuck hepatitis virus of class I major histocompatibility complex presentation on hepatocytes is mediated by virus envelope pre-S2 protein and can be reversed by treatment with gamma interferon","volume":"80","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21201","article-title":"Hepatocytes as cytotoxic effector cells can induce cell death by CD95 ligand-mediated pathway","volume":"43","author":"Guy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21201","article-title":"Hepatocytes can induce death of contacted cells via perforin-dependent mechanism","volume":"47","author":"Guy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2009.02168.x","article-title":"Hepadnaviral infection augments hepatocyte cytotoxicity mediated by both CD95 ligand and perforin pathways","volume":"30","author":"Guy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24477","article-title":"Hepatocyte cytotoxicity is facilitated by asialoglycoprotein receptor","volume":"54","author":"Guy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363996","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1363996","article-title":"Recent advances in different interactions between Toll-like receptors and hepatitis B infection: a review","volume":"15","author":"Soleiman-Meigooni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003856","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003856","article-title":"Enhancing virus-specific immunity in vivo by combining therapeutic vaccination and PD-L1 blockade in chronic hepadnaviral infection","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1096-1104","article-title":"The hepatitis B virus persists for decades after patients\u2019 recovery from acute viral hepatitis despite active maintenance of a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response","volume":"2","author":"Rehermann","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B81","first-page":"622A","article-title":"Reactivation of HBsAg\/anti-HBc+ and HBsAg\/anti-HBc- infections with clinically utilized anti-B cell CD20-specific antibody in woodchuck model of hepatitis B","volume":"70","author":"Michalak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01363-12","article-title":"Repeated exposure to trace amounts of woodchuck hepadnavirus induces molecularly evident infection and virus-specific T cell response in the absence of serological infection markers and hepatitis","volume":"87","author":"Gujar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.02.017","article-title":"The characteristics of the cell-mediated immune response identify different profiles of occult hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"134","author":"Zerbini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2007.01522.x","article-title":"Minimum infectious dose of hepatitis B virus in chimpanzees and difference in the dynamics of viremia between genotype A and genotype C","volume":"48","author":"Komiya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1086\/368127","article-title":"Broad human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)\u2013specific T cell responses to conserved HIV proteins in HIV-seronegative women highly exposed to a single HIV-infected partner","volume":"187","author":"Promadej","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2007.05.021","article-title":"Induction of potent local cellular immunity with low dose X4 SHIV (SF33A) vaginal exposure","volume":"367","author":"Tasca","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1086\/516546","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus specific cytolytic T lymphocyte and T helper cell responses in seronegative persons","volume":"176","author":"Koziel","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12252","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.22.12252-12258.2004","article-title":"Cellular immune responses in seronegative sexual contacts of acute hepatitis C patients","volume":"78","author":"Kamal","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4533","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.75.9.4533","article-title":"A virus similar to human hepatitis B virus associated with hepatitis and hepatoma in woodchucks","volume":"75","author":"Summers","year":"1978","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.025023-0","article-title":"Establishing a new animal model for hepadnaviral infection: susceptibility of Chinese Marmota-species to woodchuck hepatitis virus infection","volume":"92","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.120.000140","article-title":"Characterization of seasonal pharmacokinetic variability in woodchucks","volume":"48","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3943","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.119.400413","article-title":"The genome sequence of the eastern woodchuck (Marmota monax)\u2014a preclinical animal model for chronic hepatitis B","volume":"9","author":"Alioto","year":"2019","journal-title":"G3 (Bethesda)"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.25970.1","article-title":"The genome of the American groundhog, Marmota monax","volume":"9","author":"Puiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.03.03.641192"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2004.11.006","article-title":"Comparison of biological activity of recombinant woodchuck interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha produced in baculovirus and Escherichia coli expression systems","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2006.02.011","article-title":"Characterization of bioactive recombinant woodchuck interleukin-2 amplified by RLM-RACE and produced in eukaryotic expression system","volume":"112","author":"Gujar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2008.0012","article-title":"Production of recombinant woodchuck IFNalpha and development of monoclonal antibodies","volume":"29","author":"Berraondo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Interferon Cytokine Res"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.1995.tb02463.x","article-title":"Identification of woodchuck class I MHC antigens using monoclonal antibodies","volume":"45","author":"Michalak","year":"1995","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2013.04.006","article-title":"Molecular characterization of woodchuck CD4 (wCD4) and production of a depletion monoclonal antibody against wCD4","volume":"56","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"2025103104012249500_vkaf231-B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.6.1846","article-title":"Complete nucleotide sequence of a molecular clone of woodchuck hepatitis virus that is infectious in the natural host","volume":"86","author":"Girones","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/214\/10\/2504\/65038788\/vkaf231.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/214\/10\/2504\/65038788\/vkaf231.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T08:01:32Z","timestamp":1761897692000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article\/214\/10\/2504\/8306507"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jimmun\/vkaf231","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1767","1550-6606"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1767","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-6606","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]}}}