{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T21:07:15Z","timestamp":1779484035089,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DK108350"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DK108350"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 DK132985"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 DK132985"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells abundant in mucosal tissues, liver, and blood. MAIT cells recognize riboflavin metabolite-derived microbial antigens displayed by the MHC-I\u2013related protein (MR1) and respond by producing cytokines, killing infected cells, and suppressing microbial growth. We previously demonstrated that MAIT cell numbers and function are reduced in chronic HIV-1, potentially increasing susceptibility to microbial coinfections. Here we assessed colorectal MAIT cells from people living with HIV-1 (PLWH, n\u2009=\u200936) and people without HIV-1 (PWOH, n\u2009=\u200922) by flow cytometry. In PBMCs, MAIT cells were less abundant in PLWH compared to PWOH. However, colorectal MAIT cell percentages were comparable in both groups, suggesting reduced loss from gut compared to blood in HIV-1 infection, or redistribution from blood to mucosae. In both groups, the majority of mucosal MAIT cells expressed CD8 and were enriched for CD8\u03b1\u03b1; a minority expressed CD4 or were double negative. Colorectal MAIT cells expressed CD69 and CD45RO, indicating a tissue-resident memory phenotype. Mucosal MAIT cells from PWOH expressed high perforin compared to PLWH, although granzyme B was low as compared to blood counterparts. Intracellular cytokine staining revealed robust cytokine production when stimulated with PMA\/ionomycin. However, while blood MAIT cells responded strongly to inactivated Escherichia coli, mucosal MAIT cells responded poorly to this stimulus. Thus, gastrointestinal MAIT cells may be partially unresponsive toward commensal microbes, while remaining responsive to other stimuli. These findings provide novel insights into the functional profile of gastrointestinal MAIT cells in the context of chronic HIV-1.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jimmun\/vkaf266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T05:22:36Z","timestamp":1759209756000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gastrointestinal MAIT cells in chronic HIV-1 infection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"215","author":[{"given":"April L","family":"Ferre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily A","family":"Fehrman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter W","family":"Hunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Positive Health Program, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital , San Francisco, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6116-3645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma","family":"Somsouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital , San Francisco, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Hoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Positive Health Program, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital , San Francisco, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A","family":"Eller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Military HIV Research Program, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring , MD,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc , Bethesda, MD,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Present Address:\u00a0Vaccine Translational Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1407-3414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominic","family":"Paquin-Proulx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Military HIV Research Program, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring , MD,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc , Bethesda, MD,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6275-0750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan K","family":"Sandberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7067-732X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara L","family":"Shacklett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California , Davis, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026052216423366800_vkaf266-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-08-303339","article-title":"Human MAIT cells are xenobiotic-resistant, tissue-targeted, CD161hi IL-17-secreting T cells","volume":"117","author":"Dusseaux","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026052216423366800_vkaf266-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadn2362","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.adn2362","article-title":"MAIT cell heterogeneity across paired human tissues reveals specialization of distinct regulatory and enhanced effector profiles","volume":"9","author":"Kammann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"2026052216423366800_vkaf266-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-09-456095","article-title":"Human iNKT and MAIT cells exhibit a PLZF-dependent proapoptotic propensity that is counterbalanced by XIAP","volume":"121","author":"Gerart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026052216423366800_vkaf266-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E11513","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1812273115","article-title":"The CD4(-)CD8(-) MAIT cell subpopulation is a functionally distinct subset developmentally related to the main CD8(+) MAIT cell pool","volume":"115","author":"Dias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026052216423366800_vkaf266-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e53789","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053789","article-title":"MAIT cell recognition of MR1 on bacterially infected and uninfected cells","volume":"8","author":"Young","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026052216423366800_vkaf266-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2017.04.002","article-title":"MAIT cells and MR1-antigen 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