{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T09:27:22Z","timestamp":1782811642036,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL062150-32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL062150-32"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia remains a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in immunocompromised populations worldwide. Mortality rates range from 5% to 30% in HIV-positive individuals and 4% to 76% in those without HIV. Recognizing its public health impact, the World Health Organization (WHO) included Pneumocystis jirovecii in its 2022 \u201cFungal Priority Pathogens\u201d list. In this review, we will summarize published findings over the last 14\u2009years on the immunopathogenic mechanisms underlying Pneumocystis pneumonia\u2013related lung injury and examine the potential for targeting these pathways in adjunctive immune modulation therapy. Notably, recent studies have identified promising immune-based interventions, including PD-1\/PD-L1 blockade and IL-7 therapy, which may enhance pathogen clearance while controlling damaging inflammation. Additionally, small molecule inhibitors such as BRD5529 and ALW-II-41-27 have shown potential in reducing lung injury by modulating proinflammatory signaling pathways in Pneumocystis pneumonia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jimmun\/vkaf269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T16:41:35Z","timestamp":1759768895000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Modulation of host lung immunity in\n                    <i>Pneumocystis<\/i>\n                    pneumonia: a review of current concepts and future prospects for novel adjunctive immune-based therapies"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"215","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0364-3311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodore J","family":"Kottom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Thoracic Diseases Research, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine , Rochester, MN,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew H","family":"Limper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Thoracic Diseases Research, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine , Rochester, MN,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026052212164036200_vkaf269-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165rv13","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004404","article-title":"Hidden killers: human fungal infections","volume":"4","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2026052212164036200_vkaf269-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2009.131668","article-title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with or without AIDS, France","volume":"20","author":"Roux","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Infect 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