{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T22:39:38Z","timestamp":1769812778483,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI157353"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI157353"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI140500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI140500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"COBRE","award":["COBRE P20 GM13055-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COBRE P20 GM13055-01"]}]},{"name":"predoctoral fellowship","award":["F31HL-168986"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31HL-168986"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Sepsis followed by multiple organ failure is a leading cause of death in noncoronary intensive care units. While the NLRC4 inflammasome has been shown to play a crucial role in the innate immune response, the role of NLRC4 in sepsis remains unclear. Here, we used NLRC4 gene\u2013deficient mice to explore its role in cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)\u2013induced polymicrobial sepsis. Survival, bacterial clearance in the lung and extrapulmonary organs, and leukocyte influx to the peritoneum were determined. Chemokines and cytokines in the peritoneal fluid (PF) were quantified using ELISA. Mice were co-housed to compare the gut microbiota\u2019s effect on bacterial burden following sepsis. Here, we report that NLRC4 deficiency improves host survival and bacterial clearance in mice with CLP-induced sepsis. Nlrc4\u2212\/\u2212 mice displayed reduced numbers of total leukocytes in the PF, including neutrophils compared to wild-type (WT) mice at 12 and 24\u2009h post-CLP, although the recruitment of macrophages in NLRC4 knockout mice was higher at 12\u2009h. Nlrc4\u2212\/\u2212 mice displayed lower levels of cytokines and chemokines in PF following sepsis. Co-housing of WT and Nlrc4\u2212\/\u2212 mice suggests that NLRC4 regulates host defense in CLP-induced sepsis independently of gut microbiota. Depletion of macrophages demonstrated that NLRC4 deficiency protects macrophages from sepsis-induced immune dysfunction. Moreover, we observed higher CD4+, CD8+, IFN-\u03b3+CD8+, and NK cell subsets in the spleen and lower level of apoptosis of spleen cells of NLRC4-deficient mice after sepsis. Overall, these findings identify that NLRC4 activation has a detrimental role in sepsis through modulating macrophages and T-cell responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jimmun\/vkaf272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:44:51Z","timestamp":1760111091000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["NLRC4 deficiency improves host protection during sepsis by regulating macrophage and T-cell responses"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"215","author":[{"given":"Sagar","family":"Paudel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Lung Biology and Disease, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, LA,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, LA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laxman","family":"Ghimire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Lung Biology and Disease, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, LA,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, LA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Duane","family":"Jeansonne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Lung Biology and Disease, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, LA,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, LA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Lung Biology and Disease, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, LA,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, LA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dinesh","family":"Bhattarai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Lung Biology and Disease, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, LA,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, LA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Lung Biology and Disease, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, LA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , New Orleans, LA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1959-1328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samithamby","family":"Jeyaseelan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Lung Biology and Disease, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, LA,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, LA,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , New Orleans, LA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0289","article-title":"Developing a new definition and assessing new clinical criteria for septic shock: for the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Shankar-Hari","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201504-0781OC","article-title":"Assessment of global incidence and mortality of hospital-treated sepsis. Current estimates and limitations","volume":"193","author":"Fleischmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(14)70061-X","article-title":"Assessment of the worldwide burden of critical illness: the Intensive Care Over Nations (ICON) audit","volume":"2","author":"Vincent","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050312119835043","DOI":"10.1177\/2050312119835043","article-title":"Sepsis: the evolution in definition, pathophysiology, and management","volume":"7","author":"Gyawali","year":"2019","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.04.001","article-title":"Sepsis: current dogma and new perspectives","volume":"40","author":"Deutschman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1553","article-title":"Long-term cognitive impairment and functional disability among survivors of severe sepsis","volume":"304","author":"Iwashyna","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601745","article-title":"Deletion of Nlrp3 augments survival during polymicrobial sepsis by decreasing autophagy and enhancing phagocytosis","volume":"198","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201308-1535OC","article-title":"Simultaneous targeting of IL-1 and IL-18 is required for protection against inflammatory and septic shock","volume":"189","author":"Vanden Berghe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1344","article-title":"Cytoplasmic flagellin activates caspase-1 and secretion of interleukin 1beta via Ipaf","volume":"7","author":"Miao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-018-0088-2","article-title":"NLRC4 suppresses IL-17A-mediated neutrophil-dependent host defense through upregulation of IL-18 and induction of necroptosis during gram-positive pneumonia","volume":"12","author":"Paudel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12607","article-title":"The NLRC4 inflammasome","volume":"281","author":"Duncan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02664","article-title":"Differential activation of the inflammasome by caspase-1 adaptors ASC and Ipaf","volume":"430","author":"Mariathasan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1007308","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007308","article-title":"NLRP6 negatively regulates pulmonary host defense in Gram-positive bacterial infection through modulating neutrophil recruitment and function","volume":"14","author":"Ghimire","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(94)90012-4","article-title":"Liposome mediated depletion of macrophages: mechanism of action, preparation of liposomes and applications","volume":"174","author":"Van Rooijen","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1259050","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2016.1259050","article-title":"Immunological mechanisms of intravesical chitosan\/interleukin-12 immunotherapy against murine bladder cancer","volume":"6","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.17676","article-title":"PRMT5 inhibition induces pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization and increased hepatic triglyceride levels without affecting atherosclerosis in mice","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167362","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1167362","article-title":"Macrophage extracellular traps require peptidylarginine deiminase 2 and 4 and are a source of citrullinated antigens bound by rheumatoid arthritis autoantibodies","volume":"15","author":"Bashar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11250","article-title":"NLRP6 negatively regulates innate immunity and host defence against bacterial pathogens","volume":"488","author":"Anand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","article-title":"DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data","volume":"13","author":"Callahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.f.303","article-title":"QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data","volume":"7","author":"Caporaso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5261","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00062-07","article-title":"Naive Bayesian classifier for rapid assignment of rRNA sequences into the new bacterial taxonomy","volume":"73","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01326","article-title":"The immunopathogenesis of sepsis","volume":"420","author":"Cohen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18850","article-title":"Microbiome-wide association studies link dynamic microbial consortia to disease","volume":"535","author":"Gilbert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(16)30119-4","article-title":"The role of the gut microbiota in sepsis","volume":"2","author":"Haak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.04.022","article-title":"NLRP6 inflammasome regulates colonic microbial ecology and risk for colitis","volume":"145","author":"Elinav","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10809","article-title":"Inflammasome-mediated dysbiosis regulates progression of NAFLD and obesity","volume":"482","author":"Henao-Mejia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.07.011","article-title":"Nlrp6- and ASC-dependent inflammasomes do not shape the commensal gut microbiota composition","volume":"47","author":"Mamantopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2012.8","article-title":"Cytosolic flagellin receptor NLRC4 protects mice against mucosal and systemic challenges","volume":"5","author":"Carvalho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20100050","article-title":"The NLRP3 inflammasome functions as a negative regulator of tumorigenesis during colitis-associated cancer","volume":"207","author":"Allen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21635","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1016814108","article-title":"Inflammation-induced tumorigenesis in the colon is regulated by caspase-1 and NLRC4","volume":"107","author":"Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2009.07.009","article-title":"Endotoxin tolerance: new mechanisms, molecules and clinical significance","volume":"30","author":"Biswas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0697-678","article-title":"Monocyte deactivation in septic patients: restoration by IFN-gamma treatment","volume":"3","author":"Docke","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6303","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809422106","article-title":"PD-1 expression by macrophages plays a pathologic role in altering microbial clearance and the innate inflammatory response to sepsis","volume":"106","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13787","article-title":"Is boosting the immune system in sepsis appropriate?","volume":"18","author":"Cavaillon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1186\/cc12700","article-title":"Bench-to-bedside review: natural killer cells in sepsis\u2014guilty or not guilty?","volume":"17","author":"Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0509307","article-title":"The role of interferon-\u03b3 in the pathogenesis of acute intra-abdominal sepsis","volume":"88","author":"Romero","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.2119\/2007-00120.Flohe","article-title":"Diversity of interferon gamma and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in restoring immune dysfunction of dendritic cells and macrophages during polymicrobial sepsis","volume":"14","author":"Floh\u00e9","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2014.0069","article-title":"Insights into the apoptotic death of immune cells in sepsis","volume":"35","author":"Luan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Interferon Cytokine Res"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R128","DOI":"10.1186\/cc7088","article-title":"Induction of Bim and Bid gene expression during accelerated apoptosis in severe sepsis","volume":"12","author":"Weber","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2009.180","article-title":"Neuronal caspase-3 signaling: not only cell death","volume":"17","author":"D\u2019Amelio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3157","article-title":"Visualization of caspase-3-like activity in cells using a genetically encoded fluorescent biosensor activated by protein cleavage","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01709751","article-title":"The SOFA (Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction\/failure. On behalf of the Working Group on Sepsis-Related Problems of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine","volume":"22","author":"Vincent","year":"1996","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1208623","article-title":"Severe sepsis and septic shock","volume":"369","author":"Angus","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.25436","article-title":"Host innate immune responses to sepsis","volume":"5","author":"Wiersinga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3552","article-title":"Sepsis-induced immunosuppression: from cellular dysfunctions to immunotherapy","volume":"13","author":"Hotchkiss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5623","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1200195","article-title":"NLRC4 inflammasome-mediated production of IL-1\u03b2 modulates mucosal immunity in the lung against gram-negative bacterial infection","volume":"188","author":"Cai","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V87.6.2095.bloodjournal8762095","article-title":"Biologic basis for interleukin-1 in disease","volume":"87","author":"Dinarello","year":"1996","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2006.09.013","article-title":"Interleukin-18 and the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases","volume":"27","author":"Dinarello","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin Nephrol"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14333","article-title":"Myeloid cells in sepsis-acquired immunodeficiency","volume":"1499","author":"Venet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1159\/000160953","article-title":"Selective depletion of alveolar macrophages in polymicrobial sepsis increases lung injury, bacterial load and mortality but does not affect cytokine release","volume":"77","author":"Traeger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-011-0155-9","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms and pathological consequences of endotoxin tolerance and priming","volume":"60","author":"Morris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz)"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B53","first-page":"680","article-title":"Innate immune programing by endotoxin and its pathological consequences","volume":"5","author":"Morris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778830","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.778830","article-title":"Development of exhausted memory monocytes and underlying mechanisms","volume":"12","author":"Pradhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.113894","article-title":"Altered DNA methylation underlies monocyte dysregulation and immune exhaustion memory in sepsis","volume":"43","author":"Caldwell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1701618","article-title":"Sepsis-induced T cell immunoparalysis: the ins and outs of impaired T cell immunity","volume":"200","author":"Jensen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1943","article-title":"Apoptosis and caspases regulate death and inflammation in sepsis","volume":"6","author":"Hotchkiss","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2594","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1829","article-title":"Immunosuppression in patients who die of sepsis and multiple organ failure","volume":"306","author":"Boomer","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2195","article-title":"NLRC4 inflammasomes in dendritic cells regulate noncognate effector function by memory CD8(+) T cells","volume":"13","author":"Kupz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2026013005521957700_vkaf272-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.108978","article-title":"Alleviation of monocyte exhaustion by BCG derivative mycolic acid","volume":"27","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/215\/1\/vkaf272\/64613342\/vkaf272.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/215\/1\/vkaf272\/64613342\/vkaf272.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T10:52:31Z","timestamp":1769770351000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jimmun\/vkaf272\/8280483"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jimmun\/vkaf272","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1767","1550-6606"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1767","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-6606","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"article-number":"vkaf272"}}