{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T17:08:53Z","timestamp":1779469733449,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P01AI139449"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01AI139449"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Infants are significantly more susceptible to respiratory infection, often resulting in increased morbidity and hospitalization, and occasionally death. This susceptibility is partially explained by the developing nature of the thymus in human infants at\u2014and for several months after\u2014birth. However, the contribution of T cells produced in this thymic microenvironment to infant immune responses has received minimal investigation. Here, we utilized a previously described mouse model (Foxn1\u0394\/\u0394), which exhibits a persistently immature thymus. Through further characterization, we have determined that adult Foxn1\u0394\/\u0394 mice retain some unique T cells observed in neonatal mice including CD8\u03b1\u00df+ \u03b3\u03b4 T cells and CD8 T cells displaying a memory-like phenotype. For this reason, we assessed the potential of these neonatal-like T responses to 2 pathogens, which disproportionately affect neonates, Bordetella pertussis (Bp) and influenza. Utilizing these infections, we demonstrate that T cells generated in an incompletely developed thymus fail to control or mount an effective response against Bp. We also observe that Foxn1\u0394\/\u0394 mice control acute influenza infection, a response that does not require IL-17. However, the Foxn1\u0394\/\u0394 mice fail to generate an influenza nucleoprotein (NP) specific CD8+ T cell response, which is likely associated with their inability to fully clear the infection. Together, these data suggest that Foxn1\u0394\/\u0394 mice can be utilized to study the generation, function, and persistence of some unique T cells made in a neonatal-like thymus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jimmun\/vkaf361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T14:04:13Z","timestamp":1773756253000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Adult mice with neonatal-like T cell subsets exhibit increased susceptibility to\n                    <i>Bordetella pertussis<\/i>\n                    and influenza infection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"215","author":[{"given":"Matthew R","family":"Hansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia , Athens, GA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colleen J","family":"Sedney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia , Athens, GA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiyun","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, University of Georgia , Athens, GA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Disha B R","family":"Prasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia , Athens, GA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, University of Georgia , Athens, GA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalyan","family":"Dewan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia , Athens, GA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jillian","family":"Masters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia , Athens, GA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maiya","family":"Callender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia , Athens, GA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric T","family":"Harvill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia , Athens, GA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly D","family":"Klonowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia , Athens, GA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy R","family":"Manley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026052212170529500_vkaf361-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-013-2023-6","article-title":"The burden of seasonal and pandemic influenza in infants and children","volume":"173","author":"Ruf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026052212170529500_vkaf361-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1177\/0049475520940485","article-title":"Neonatal pertussis: an emerging issue of concern","volume":"51","author":"Dhir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop Doct"},{"key":"2026052212170529500_vkaf361-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7134168","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7134168","article-title":"Neonatal immunity to Bordetella pertussis infection and current prevention strategies","volume":"2019","author":"Argondizo-Correia","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"2026052212170529500_vkaf361-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2021.42.210065","article-title":"The global burden of vaccine-preventable infectious diseases in children less than 5 years of age: implications for COVID-19 vaccination. How can we do better?","volume":"42","author":"Frenkel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Proc"},{"key":"2026052212170529500_vkaf361-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-091319-083608","article-title":"Neonatal T cells: a reinterpretation","volume":"38","author":"Rudd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2026052212170529500_vkaf361-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5157","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.10.5157","article-title":"Peripheral CD4+ lymphocytes derived from fetal versus adult thymic precursors differ phenotypically and functionally","volume":"171","author":"Adkins","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026052212170529500_vkaf361-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199504150-00002","article-title":"Enhanced type 2 and diminished type 1 cytokines in neonatal tolerance","volume":"59","author":"Chen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"2026052212170529500_vkaf361-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5256.1728","article-title":"Induction of TH1 and TH2 immunity in neonatal mice","volume":"271","author":"Forsthuber","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026052212170529500_vkaf361-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa7017","article-title":"Immune tolerance. Regulatory T cells generated early in life play a distinct role in maintaining self-tolerance","volume":"348","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026052212170529500_vkaf361-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.05.029","article-title":"Developmental origin governs CD8(+) T Cell fate decisions during infection","volume":"174","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026052212170529500_vkaf361-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3073","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-06-725366","article-title":"Fetal and adult progenitors give rise to unique populations of CD8+ T cells","volume":"128","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026052212170529500_vkaf361-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.12303","article-title":"Characterization of the gammadelta T-cell compartment during infancy reveals clear differences between the early 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