{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T18:16:18Z","timestamp":1783793778528,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health Shared Instrumentation Grant","award":["S10DO20029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S10DO20029"]}]},{"name":"Ralph W. and Grace M. Showalter Research Trust"},{"name":"Purdue University Histology Research Laboratory"},{"name":"National Institutes of Health\u2013funded Indiana Clinical and Translational Science Institute"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The immune environment at the maternal-fetal interface is highly regulated and changes depending on the stage of pregnancy. Any dysregulation or imbalance of the pro- and anti-inflammatory stages can disrupt placental development and can lead to various obstetric disorders, such as miscarriage, preterm birth, and preeclampsia. Several inhibitors interfering with inflammatory pathways have been tested to treat dysregulated inflammation during pregnancy, but they were associated with adverse responses to mother and child. Therefore, understanding factors regulating immune responses at the maternal-fetal interface could lead to the discovery of novel therapeutic targets that prevent detrimental pregnancy outcomes caused by inflammation without risks to mother and child. The fractalkine receptor CX3CR1 is crucially involved in inflammatory processes. Additionally, accumulating evidence has indicated a contribution of CX3CR1 in the pathogenesis of obstetric disorders, including preeclampsia and miscarriage. In this study, we investigated the immune regulatory role of CX3CR1 at the maternal-fetal interface. Our results demonstrate widespread expression of CX3CR1 in placental\/decidual immune cells but most prominently on maternal and fetal macrophages and monocytes. Moreover, this study demonstrates a crucial role of CX3CR1 in regulating the immune cell environment and highlights an importance in the formation of maternal sinusoids within the placental labyrinth zone. Combined, our data demonstrate an important immunoregulatory role of CX3CR1 at the maternal-fetal interface. Therefore, the CX3CL1\/CX3CR1 axis could be a potential therapeutic target used to prevent detrimental pregnancy outcomes resulting from a dysregulated immune environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jimmun\/vkaf371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:02:13Z","timestamp":1776902533000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["CX3CR1 regulates the immune microenvironment in the placenta"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"215","author":[{"given":"Samuel H","family":"Leeds","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nickolas","family":"Neokosmidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M","family":"Haas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, IN,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory T","family":"Knipp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Konradt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, IN,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaat6114","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aat6114","article-title":"Immune responses at the maternal-fetal interface","volume":"4","author":"Ander","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032712-100003","article-title":"Immunology of the maternal-fetal interface","volume":"31","author":"Erlebacher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.07.017","article-title":"Role of interferons and cytokines in pregnancy and fetal development","volume":"49","author":"Yockey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1800058","article-title":"Immune cells at the fetomaternal interface: how the microenvironment modulates immune cells to foster fetal development","volume":"201","author":"Schumacher","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571300","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.571300","article-title":"Visualizing dynamic changes at the maternal-fetal interface throughout human pregnancy by mass cytometry","volume":"11","author":"van der Zwan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20150702","article-title":"The role of inflammation in the pathology of preeclampsia","volume":"130","author":"Harmon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15080","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000015080","article-title":"Immune imbalance is associated with the development of preeclampsia","volume":"98","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861245","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.861245","article-title":"The inflammatory cytokine imbalance for miscarriage, pregnancy loss and COVID-19 pneumonia","volume":"13","author":"Vesce","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e146089","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.146089","article-title":"Macrophages exert homeostatic actions in pregnancy to protect against preterm birth and fetal inflammatory injury","volume":"6","author":"Gomez-Lopez","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00649","article-title":"Immunobiology of acute chorioamnionitis","volume":"11","author":"Cappelletti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021677","article-title":"N-Acetyl-Cysteine inhibits phospholipid metabolism, proinflammatory cytokine release, protease activity, and nuclear factor-\u03baB deoxyribonucleic acid-binding activity in human fetal membranes in vitro","volume":"88","author":"Lappas","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gav005","article-title":"Intra-amniotic pharmacological blockade of inflammatory signalling pathways in an ovine chorioamnionitis model","volume":"21","author":"Ireland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00869093","article-title":"Renal failure in the neonate associated with in utero exposure to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents","volume":"8","author":"Kaplan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4208","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.6.4208","article-title":"Essential involvement of CX3CR1-mediated signals in the bactericidal host defense during septic peritonitis","volume":"181","author":"Ishida","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-016-0395-9","article-title":"Role of CX3CL1 in Diseases","volume":"64","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz.)"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-021-05966-3","article-title":"The potential association between a new angiogenic marker fractalkine and a placental vascularization in preeclampsia","volume":"304","author":"Szewczyk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437576","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/437576","article-title":"Fractalkine (CX3CL1) and its receptor CX3CR1 may contribute to increased angiogenesis in diabetic placenta","volume":"2013","author":"Szukiewicz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2024.08.008","article-title":"High expression of CX3CL1\/CX3CR1 at the mother-fetus interface of preeclampsia inhibits trophoblast invasion and migration","volume":"156","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272536","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1272536","article-title":"Pathophysiological impact of CXC and CX3CL1 chemokines in preeclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"11","author":"Ullah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2018.1505854","article-title":"Placental fractalkine immunoreactivity in preeclampsia and its correlation with histopathological changes in the placenta and adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"33","author":"Usta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Matern-Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E641","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20030641","article-title":"Placental CX3CL1 is deregulated by angiotensin II and contributes to a pro-inflammatory trophoblast-monocyte interaction","volume":"20","author":"Nonn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-9255-11-12","article-title":"Chorioamnionitis (ChA) modifies CX3CL1 (fractalkine) production by human amniotic epithelial cells (HAEC) under normoxic and hypoxic conditions","volume":"11","author":"Szukiewicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Inflamm (Lond)"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2015.01.019","article-title":"Placental fractalkine is up-regulated in severe early-onset preeclampsia","volume":"185","author":"Siwetz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/19336918.2015.1089378","article-title":"The role of CX3CL1 in fetal-maternal interaction during human gestation","volume":"10","author":"Kervancioglu Demirci","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Adh Migr"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0207085","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207085","article-title":"Prevention of lipopolysaccharide-induced preterm labor by the lack of CX3CL1-CX3CR1 interaction in mice","volume":"13","author":"Mizoguchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B26","first-page":"e52866","article-title":"Isolation of leukocytes from the murine tissues at the maternal-fetal interface","volume":"52866","author":"Arenas-Hernandez","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20200891","article-title":"Phenotypic and functional characterization of first-trimester human placental macrophages, Hofbauer cells","volume":"218","author":"Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaax0062","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aax0062","article-title":"Gut-resident CX3CR1hi macrophages induce tertiary lymphoid structures and IgA response in situ","volume":"5","author":"Koscs\u00f3","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e57230","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057230","article-title":"Role of CX3CR1 receptor in monocyte\/macrophage driven neovascularization","volume":"8","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.4049\/immunohorizons.1900038","article-title":"Cx3CR1 expression identifies distinct macrophage populations that contribute differentially to inflammation and repair","volume":"3","author":"Burgess","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunohorizons"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2009.11.013","article-title":"Cellular expression of the monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) family in the placenta of mice","volume":"31","author":"Nagai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2018.18.e5","article-title":"Tissue-specific Role of CX3CR1 expressing immune cells and their relationships with human disease","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immune Netw"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20081385","article-title":"CX3CR1+ CD115+ CD135+ common macrophage\/DC precursors and the role of CX3CR1 in their response to inflammation","volume":"206","author":"Auffray","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15076","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33440-9","article-title":"CX3CR1 differentiates F4\/80low monocytes into pro-inflammatory F4\/80high macrophages in the liver","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2253","article-title":"CX3CR1 is required for airway inflammation by promoting T helper cell survival and maintenance in inflamed lung","volume":"16","author":"Mionnet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI15555","article-title":"Decreased atherosclerosis in CX3CR1\u2013\/\u2013 mice reveals a role for fractalkine in atherogenesis","volume":"111","author":"Lesnik","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4787","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI59150","article-title":"CX3CR1 regulates intestinal macrophage homeostasis, bacterial translocation, and colitogenic Th17 responses in mice","volume":"121","author":"Medina-Contreras","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2011.03409.x","article-title":"Analyses of phenotypic and functional characteristics of CX3CR1-expressing natural killer cells","volume":"133","author":"Hamann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201546194","article-title":"CX3CR1-dependent recruitment of mature NK cells into the central nervous system contributes to control autoimmune neuroinflammation","volume":"46","author":"Hertwig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.10.018","article-title":"The chemokine receptor CX3CR1 defines three antigen-experienced CD8 T cell subsets with distinct roles in immune surveillance and homeostasis","volume":"45","author":"Gerlach","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.4049\/immunohorizons.2000059","article-title":"T Cell\u2013Intrinsic CX3CR1 marks the most differentiated effector CD4+ T cells, but is largely dispensable for CD4+ T cell responses during chronic viral infection","volume":"4","author":"Batista","year":"2020","journal-title":"ImmunoHorizons"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e156","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-04-348946","article-title":"In vivo structure\/function and expression analysis of the CX3C chemokine fractalkine","volume":"118","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-07-170787","article-title":"CX3CR1 is required for monocyte homeostasis and atherogenesis by promoting cell survival","volume":"113","author":"Landsman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gag009","article-title":"Fractalkine (FRK) levels in amniotic fluid and its production during pregnancy","volume":"9","author":"Shimoya","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839290","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/839290","article-title":"Metalloprotease dependent release of placenta derived fractalkine","volume":"2014","author":"Siwetz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2017.22","article-title":"Diversity and functions of intestinal mononuclear phagocytes","volume":"10","author":"Joeris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01117","article-title":"Revising CX3CR1 expression on murine classical and non-classical monocytes","volume":"11","author":"Meghraoui-Kheddar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401536","article-title":"The human fetal placenta promotes tolerance against the semiallogeneic fetus by inducing regulatory T cells and homeostatic M2 macrophages","volume":"194","author":"Svensson-Arvelund","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4106","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.20.11.4106-4114.2000","article-title":"Analysis of fractalkine receptor CX3CR1 function by targeted deletion and green fluorescent protein reporter gene insertion","volume":"20","author":"Jung","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1142883","article-title":"Monitoring of blood vessels and tissues by a population of monocytes with patrolling behavior","volume":"317","author":"Auffray","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2019.102673","article-title":"Inflammation-induced DNA damage, mutations and cancer","volume":"83","author":"Kay","year":"2019","journal-title":"DNA Repair"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-022-00905-1","article-title":"Inflammation and DNA damage: cause, effect or both","volume":"19","author":"Pezone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"aaf4238","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf4238","article-title":"Specification of tissue-resident macrophages during organogenesis","volume":"353","author":"Mass","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B54","first-page":"2376","article-title":"FasL on decidual macrophages mediates trophoblast apoptosis: a potential cause of recurrent miscarriage","volume":"43","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.104.038000","article-title":"Activated macrophages inhibit human cytotrophoblast invasiveness in vitro1","volume":"73","author":"Renaud","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.16191","article-title":"M2 macrophage-derived G-CSF promotes trophoblasts EMT, invasion and migration via activating PI3K\/Akt\/Erk1\/2 pathway to mediate normal pregnancy","volume":"25","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28127","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28127","article-title":"Wingless ligand 5a is a critical regulator of placental growth and survival","volume":"6","author":"Meinhardt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4133","article-title":"Macrophage plasticity and polarization in tissue repair and remodelling","volume":"229","author":"Mantovani","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12564","article-title":"Macrophages modulate the growth and differentiation of rhesus monkey embryonic trophoblasts","volume":"76","author":"Rozner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod62.4.1075","article-title":"Human villous macrophage-conditioned media enhance human trophoblast growth and differentiation in vitro","volume":"62","author":"Khan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.02.042","article-title":"Placental TNF-\u03b1 signaling in illness-induced complications of pregnancy","volume":"178","author":"Carpentier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954636","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.954636","article-title":"Research progress of placental vascular pathophysiological changes in pregnancy-induced hypertension and gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"13","author":"Lei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.114.126227","article-title":"A Role of sFlt-1 in oxidative stress and apoptosis in human and mouse pre-eclamptic trophoblasts","volume":"93","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719118815592","article-title":"Regulation of CX3CL1 expression in human first-trimester decidual cells: implications for preeclampsia","volume":"26","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-019-0169-4","article-title":"Mechanisms of early placental development in mouse and humans","volume":"21","author":"Hemberger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2012.10.015","article-title":"From mice to women: the conundrum of immunity to infection during pregnancy","volume":"97","author":"Krishnan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B67","first-page":"349","article-title":"Role of cytokines in preterm labor and birth","volume":"57","author":"Park","year":"2005","journal-title":"Minerva Ginecol"},{"key":"2026042220020512100_vkaf371-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioad072","article-title":"Sex differences in innate and adaptive immunity impact fetal, placental, and maternal health","volume":"109","author":"Baines","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/215\/4\/vkaf371\/68139444\/vkaf371.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/215\/4\/vkaf371\/68139444\/vkaf371.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:02:20Z","timestamp":1776902540000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jimmun\/vkaf371\/8661141"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jimmun\/vkaf371","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1767","1550-6606"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1767","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-6606","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"article-number":"vkaf371"}}