{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T22:53:12Z","timestamp":1784328792550,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Public Health Service Research","award":["AI158060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI158060"]}]},{"name":"Public Health Service Research","award":["AI150091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI150091"]}]},{"name":"Public Health Service Research","award":["AI143348"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI143348"]}]},{"name":"Public Health Service Research","award":["AI147499"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI147499"]}]},{"name":"Public Health Service Research","award":["AI143326"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI143326"]}]},{"name":"Public Health Service Research","award":["AI138764"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI138764"]}]},{"name":"Public Health Service Research","award":["AI124911"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI124911"]}]},{"name":"Public Health Service Research","award":["AI110902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI110902"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Chemokines play a crucial role in the lung\u2019s immune responses to infections and diseases. The role of CXC ligand 13 (CXCL13), a chemokine produced homeostatically by various lung cell types, in protecting against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and disease remains controversial. Some studies reported that patients who survived severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) had CXCL13-dominated lung immune responses early in infection. In contrast, other studies reported that high CXCL13 levels were associated with severe COVID-19. In this study, to determine the direct role of CXCL13 in SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease, we generated CXCL13\u2212\/\u2212K18-hACE2 mice, that are both transgenic for ACE2 and deficient in CXCL13, and compared their infection and COVID-19-like symptoms with those in wild-type K18-hACE2 transgenic mouse littermates following intranasal inoculation with the pathogenic SARS-CoV-2 delta variant (B.1.617.2). Compared to age- and gender-matched SARS-CoV-2 infected wild-type K18-hACE2 mice, the SARS-CoV-2 infected CXCL13\u2212\/\u2212K18-hACE2 deficient mice exhibited (i) higher viral load in the lungs; (ii) severe COVID-19-like lung pathology; (iii) exacerbated weight loss; and (iv) increased mortality. The apparent severe COVID-19-like symptoms in CXCL13\u2212\/\u2212K18-hACE2 deficient mice were associated with: (i) significantly lower frequencies of functional lung-resident C-X-C chemokine receptor 5+ (CXCR5)+CD19+ B-cells, follicular CXCR5+CD4+ helper T cells (Tfh cells), and effector IFN-\u03b3+TNF-\u03b1+GzmB+Ki67+ CD4+ Th1 cells; and (ii) a significant reduction in the levels of SARS-CoV-2-Spike specific IgG1 and IgG2b antibody isotypes. These findings corroborate previous human reports suggesting a protective role for the CXCL13\/CXCR5 chemokine axis in combating SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease by promoting B cell- and T cell-mediated immunity, offering a potential new immunotherapeutic target.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jimmun\/vkag017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T09:56:26Z","timestamp":1773827786000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["CXCL13\/CXCR5 chemokine axis promotes antiviral CXCR5+CD19+ B Cells and follicular\/effector CXCR5+CD4+ T Cells in the lungs associated with protection from severe and fatal COVID-19 following infection with pathogenic SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"215","author":[{"given":"Hawa","family":"Vahed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine , Irvine, CA,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, LLC, University Lab Partners , Irvine, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aziz A","family":"Chentoufi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine , Irvine, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swayam","family":"Prakash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine , Irvine, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afshana","family":"Quadiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine , Irvine, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sweta","family":"Karan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine , Irvine, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yassir","family":"Lekbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine , Irvine, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Etinosa","family":"Omorogieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine , Irvine, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swena","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine , Irvine, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jimmy","family":"Tadros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine , Irvine, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma Jane","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine , Irvine, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine , Irvine, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delia F","family":"Tifrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine , Irvine, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izabela Coimbra","family":"Ibraim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine , Irvine, CA,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"High containment facility, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine , Irvine, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lbachir","family":"BenMohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine , Irvine, CA,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, LLC, University Lab Partners , Irvine, CA,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine , Irvine, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.136233","article-title":"Optimized aptamer-based next generation biosensor for the ultra-sensitive determination of SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein in saliva samples","volume":"281","author":"Erdem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20930","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-71419-x","article-title":"Immunologic mediators profile in COVID-19 convalescence","volume":"14","author":"Silva-Junior","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-021-00779-x","article-title":"COVID-19 denial in Turkmenistan veiling the real situation","volume":"80","author":"Hashim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Public Health"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110499","article-title":"Outbreak of COVID-19: an emerging global pandemic threat","volume":"129","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-024-01379-7","article-title":"Creating respiratory pathogen-free environments in healthcare and nursing-care settings: a comprehensive review","volume":"47","author":"Nagy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B6","author":"Aleem","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343716","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1343716","article-title":"High frequencies of alpha common cold coronavirus\/SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive functional CD4(+) and CD8(+) memory T cells are associated with protection from symptomatic and fatal SARS-CoV-2 infections in unvaccinated COVID-19 patients","volume":"15","author":"Coulon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B8","first-page":"1328905","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2566","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2001438","article-title":"Genome-wide B Cell, CD4(+), and CD8(+) T cell epitopes that are highly conserved between human and animal coronaviruses, identified from SARS-CoV-2 as targets for preemptive pan-coronavirus vaccines","volume":"206","author":"Prakash","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI137647","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2: a storm is raging","volume":"130","author":"Pedersen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2023.11.005","article-title":"COVID-19: from emerging variants to vaccination","volume":"76","author":"Senevirathne","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B12","article-title":"Loss of smell or taste as the only symptom of COVID-19","volume":"140","author":"Hjelmes\u00e6th","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.08.076","article-title":"Asymptomatic SARS coronavirus 2 infection: invisible yet invincible","volume":"100","author":"Nikolai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2014.11","article-title":"The development and function of mucosal lymphoid tissues: a balancing act with micro-organisms","volume":"7","author":"Randall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2020.12.007","article-title":"Dysregulation of cell signaling by SARS-CoV-2","volume":"29","author":"Suryawanshi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10081173","article-title":"Considerations for novel COVID-19 mucosal vaccine development","volume":"10","author":"Alturaiki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0606-614","article-title":"T cells take the inside track","volume":"12","author":"Openshaw","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000004184","article-title":"Dimethyl malonate protects the lung in a murine model of acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"96","author":"Taghavi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.11.019","article-title":"Preclinical development of the TLR9 agonist DV281 as an inhaled aerosolized immunotherapeutic for lung cancer: pharmacological profile in mice, non-human primates, and human primary cells","volume":"66","author":"Kell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15990","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1110144108","article-title":"Neutrophil transmigration triggers repair of the lung epithelium via beta-catenin signaling","volume":"108","author":"Zemans","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-11-0212","article-title":"Characterizing the impact of smoking and lung cancer on the airway transcriptome using RNA-Seq","volume":"4","author":"Beane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Prev Res (Phila)"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2008.01.005","article-title":"CXCR6 identifies a putative population of retained human lung T cells characterised by co-expression of activation markers","volume":"213","author":"Morgan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2745.2002.01444.x","article-title":"Cetirizine and levocetirizine inhibit eotaxin-induced eosinophil transendothelial migration through human dermal or lung microvascular endothelial cells","volume":"32","author":"Thomson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2842","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.4.2842","article-title":"Expression of chemokine receptors by lung T cells from normal and asthmatic subjects","volume":"166","author":"Campbell","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.47.6.838","article-title":"Treatment with neutralising antibody against cytokine induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC) protects rats against acute pancreatitis associated lung injury","volume":"47","author":"Bhatia","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15638","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232415638","article-title":"CC Chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) as a possible new target for therapy","volume":"23","author":"Bogacka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16036","article-title":"CXCL17 induces activation of human mast cells via MRGPRX2","volume":"79","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.20240","article-title":"Endosulfan-induced apoptosis and glutathione depletion in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: attenuation by N-acetylcysteine","volume":"22","author":"Ahmed","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Biochem Mol Toxicol"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1700884","article-title":"Evidence for the existence of a CXCL17 receptor distinct from GPR35","volume":"201","author":"Binti Mohd Amir","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.4.2069","article-title":"Cutting edge: novel human dendritic cell- and monocyte-attracting chemokine-like protein identified by fold recognition methods","volume":"176","author":"Pisabarro","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2006.08.194","article-title":"VCC-1, a novel chemokine, promotes tumor growth","volume":"350","author":"Weinstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2020.04.004","article-title":"The protective and pathogenic roles of CXCL17 in human health and disease: potential in respiratory medicine","volume":"53","author":"Choreno-Parra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-019-04775-z","article-title":"Increased circulating CXCL13 levels in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Bao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-024-04645-8","article-title":"Correlation of serum and local CXCL13 levels with disease severity in patients with non-traumatic osteonecrosis of femoral head","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2023.10.003","article-title":"Homeostatic chemokines as putative therapeutic targets in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"44","author":"Russo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B36","first-page":"414","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory drug development: broad or specific chemokine receptor antagonists?","volume":"13","author":"Russo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.113.007724","article-title":"International union of basic and clinical pharmacology. [corrected]. LXXXIX. Update on the extended family of chemokine receptors and introducing a new nomenclature for atypical chemokine receptors","volume":"66","author":"Bachelerie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6322","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076322","article-title":"IL-10 promotes CXCL13 expression in macrophages following foot-and-mouth disease virus infection","volume":"24","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2492","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900790","article-title":"TNF-alpha and IL-10 control CXCL13 expression in human macrophages","volume":"204","author":"Bellamri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.3390\/v14122665","article-title":"CXCL12 and CXCL13 cytokine serum levels are associated with the magnitude and the quality of SARS-CoV-2 humoral responses","volume":"14","author":"Noto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad590","article-title":"Delayed mucosal antiviral responses despite robust peripheral inflammation in fatal COVID-19","volume":"230","author":"Sidhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4888","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25191-5","article-title":"The cytokines HGF and CXCL13 predict the severity and the mortality in COVID-19 patients","volume":"12","author":"Perreau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2020.05.015","article-title":"Growth, detection, quantification, and inactivation of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"548","author":"Case","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B44","first-page":"1343716","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Dhanushkodi","year":"2022","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.07.22.501208"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.07.22.501208","article-title":"Prime\/Pull RR2\/CXCL11 therapeutic vaccine that bolsters the number and function of dorsal root ganglia tissue-resident HSV-specific CD8 TRM cells protects latently infected guinea pigs from recurrent genital herpes","volume":"2022","author":"Dhanushkodi","year":"2022","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.187.4.655","article-title":"B cell-attracting chemokine 1, a human CXC chemokine expressed in lymphoid tissues, selectively attracts B lymphocytes via BLR1\/CXCR5","volume":"187","author":"Legler","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1038\/35876","article-title":"A B-cell-homing chemokine made in lymphoid follicles activates Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma receptor-1","volume":"391","author":"Gunn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B49","first-page":"87","article-title":"Chemokines and B-cell homing to follicles","volume":"246","author":"Cyster","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01324","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.01324-20","article-title":"Interplay of antibody and cytokine production reveals CXCL13 as a potential novel biomarker of lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"6","author":"Horspool","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20181216","article-title":"Type I interferon induces CXCL13 to support ectopic germinal center formation","volume":"216","author":"Denton","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.01.007","article-title":"Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19","volume":"184","author":"Sette","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-023-05773-y","article-title":"B lymphocytes in COVID-19: a tale of harmony and discordance","volume":"168","author":"Mansourabadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadg2122","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adg2122","article-title":"Repetitive mRNA vaccination is required to improve the quality of broad-spectrum anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the absence of CXCL13","volume":"9","author":"Azarias Da Silva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201211-2055OC","article-title":"Role of CXCL13 in cigarette smoke-induced lymphoid follicle formation and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"188","author":"Bracke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201309-1592OC","article-title":"C-X-C motif chemokine 13 (CXCL13) is a prognostic biomarker of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"189","author":"Vuga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1159\/000503689","article-title":"Evaluation of the diagnostic efficacies of serological markers KL-6, SP-A, SP-D, CCL2, and CXCL13 in idiopathic interstitial pneumonia","volume":"98","author":"Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B58","first-page":"e21142","article-title":"Elevated plasma levels of CXCL13 chemokine in Saudi patients with asthma exacerbation","volume":"14","author":"Alturaiki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.14556.2","article-title":"Role of CXCL13 in the formation of the meningeal tertiary lymphoid organ in multiple sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Londono","year":"2018","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201208-1543OC","article-title":"CXCL13 production in B cells via Toll-like receptor\/lymphotoxin receptor signaling is involved in lymphoid neogenesis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"187","author":"Litsiou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2024027884","article-title":"Decoding functional hematopoietic progenitor cells in the adult human lung","volume":"145","author":"Conrad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2025.05.005","article-title":"Inflammatory chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR2, CCR3 and CCR5 are essential for an optimal T cell response to influenza","volume":"18","author":"Pingen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.157215","article-title":"CXCL13-producing CD4+ T cells accumulate in the early phase of tertiary lymphoid structures in ovarian cancer","volume":"7","author":"Ukita","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997862","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.997862","article-title":"CXCL13 is elevated in inflammatory bowel disease in mice and humans and is implicated in disease pathogenesis","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7676","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.12.7676","article-title":"CXC chemokine ligand 13 plays a role in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"176","author":"Bagaeva","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382638","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1382638","article-title":"B cells in the pneumococcus-infected lung are heterogeneous and require CD4(+) T cell help including CD40L to become resident memory B cells","volume":"15","author":"Etesami","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2406434121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2406434121","article-title":"CXCL13 promotes broad immune responses induced by circular RNA vaccines","volume":"121","author":"Wan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2022.188799","article-title":"CXCL13-CXCR5 axis: regulation in inflammatory diseases and cancer","volume":"1877","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(01)00257-6","article-title":"CXCL13 is required for B1 cell homing, natural antibody production, and body cavity immunity","volume":"16","author":"Ansel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.01.016","article-title":"CXCL13 promotes isotype-switched B cell accumulation to the central nervous system during viral encephalomyelitis","volume":"54","author":"Phares","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e785","DOI":"10.1097\/TXD.0000000000001247","article-title":"CXCL13 is an indicator of germinal center activity and alloantibody formation following transplantation","volume":"7","author":"Crichton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transplant Direct"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2780","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.6.2780-2788.2002","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus selectively induces expression of the CC chemokine RANTES\/CCL5 in macrophages through a mechanism dependent on PKR and ICP0","volume":"76","author":"Melchjorsen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2100341","article-title":"CXCL13 as a novel immune checkpoint for regulatory B cells and its role in tumor metastasis","volume":"208","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119251","article-title":"Targeting RAGE to prevent SARS-CoV-2-mediated multiple organ failure: hypotheses and perspectives","volume":"272","author":"Chiappalupi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s40139-021-00226-0","article-title":"Chemokine-based therapeutics for the treatment of inflammatory and fibrotic convergent pathways in COVID-19","volume":"9","author":"Julian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Pathobiol Rep"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698169","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.698169","article-title":"Long COVID or Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC): an overview of biological factors that may contribute to persistent symptoms","volume":"12","author":"Proal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eado2104","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.ado2104","article-title":"Animal models of long Covid: a hit-and-run disease","volume":"16","author":"Schafer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14040346","article-title":"Weathering the storm: how age and biologics influence the COVID-19 cytokine surge","volume":"14","author":"Astroth","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0293883","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0293883","article-title":"Predictors of early and long-term mortality after ICU discharge in critically ill COVID-19 patients: a prospective cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Santos","year":"2023","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111797","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1111797","article-title":"Different cytokine and chemokine profiles in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 during the first and second outbreaks from Argentina show no association with clinical comorbidities","volume":"14","author":"Almada","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-001136","article-title":"CXCL13 shapes immunoactive tumor microenvironment and enhances the efficacy of PD-1 checkpoint blockade in high-grade serous ovarian cancer","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abc4220","article-title":"ARID1A mutation plus CXCL13 expression act as combinatorial biomarkers to predict responses to immune checkpoint therapy in mUCC","volume":"12","author":"Goswami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14020294","article-title":"Potential role of CXCL13\/CXCR5 signaling in immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment in cancer","volume":"14","author":"Hsieh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-022-00433-7","article-title":"Single-cell meta-analyses reveal responses of tumor-reactive CXCL13(+) T cells to immune-checkpoint blockade","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Cancer"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7639","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.5460","article-title":"Transcriptional upregulation of CXCL13 is correlated with a favorable response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in lung adenocarcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2428","DOI":"10.1007\/s12033-024-01207-5","article-title":"Identification of CXCL13 as a promising biomarker for immune checkpoint blockade therapy and PARP inhibitor therapy in ovarian cancer","volume":"67","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Biotechnol"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16279","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16279","article-title":"Beyond T cell toxicity\u2014Intrathecal chemokine CXCL13 indicating B cell involvement in immune-related adverse events following checkpoint inhibition: a two-case series and literature review","volume":"31","author":"Otto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1177\/09612033251319405","article-title":"Serum CXCL-13 levels are associated with active neurological involvement in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"34","author":"Yildirim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B89","first-page":"322","article-title":"Mesenteric lymphatic B cells migrate to the intestine and aggravate DSS-induced colitis via the CXCR5-CXCL13 axis","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01724-6","article-title":"Long COVID manifests with T cell dysregulation, inflammation and an uncoordinated adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"25","author":"Yin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2026052212181099200_vkag017-B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2024.109196","article-title":"CXCL13\/CXCR5 axis facilitates TFH expansion and correlates with disease severity in adults with immune thrombocytopenia","volume":"244","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Thromb Res"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/215\/3\/vkag017\/67387273\/vkag017.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/215\/3\/vkag017\/67387273\/vkag017.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T16:18:28Z","timestamp":1779466708000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jimmun\/vkag017\/8527216"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jimmun\/vkag017","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1767","1550-6606"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1767","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-6606","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"article-number":"vkag017"}}