{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T06:37:35Z","timestamp":1792132655256,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"S3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Vanier Canada Graduate Scholarship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>While multiple sclerosis research has long centered on focal demyelinating lesions, it is increasingly recognized that there are distinct, surface-in gradients of diffuse pathology that exist in regions abutting the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), such as the subpial cortex and periventricular parenchyma. While subpial pathology is thought to possess a relationship with tertiary lymphoid tissues (TLTs) in the meninges, less is known about the pathogenesis of diffuse periventricular pathology. Emerging evidence suggests that periventricular damage may reflect more than passive exposure to inflammatory factors in the CSF; ventricular borders themselves may actively shape disease. The choroid plexus, through vascular, stromal, and epithelial remodeling, may become both a gateway for immune cell entry and a source of cytokines and chemokines that alter CSF composition. In turn, the ependyma\u2014normally a ciliated barrier regulating local CSF flow and CSF\u2013brain exchange\u2014undergoes transcriptional and structural changes that may compromise ventricular barrier integrity, recruit glia, and propagate inflammation into the periventricular parenchyma. Thus, rather than serving as inert borders, these structures appear to orchestrate the accumulation and spread of CSF-borne injury. Viewing the choroid plexus and ependyma as architects in central nervous system autoimmunity reframes diffuse periventricular pathology as a process of border-mediated inflammation, opening avenues for therapeutic strategies targeting these overlooked interfaces.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jimmun\/vkag023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T02:13:12Z","timestamp":1774404792000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Margins of control: ventricular brain borders as architects in central nervous system autoimmunity"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"215","author":[{"given":"Shobina","family":"Premachandran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University , Montreal, QC,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5878-0973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam M R","family":"Groh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University , Montreal, QC,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0733-2940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Airton","family":"Sinott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University , Montreal, QC,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sneha","family":"Senthil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University , Montreal, QC,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University , Montreal, QC,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1299-954X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David A","family":"Rudko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University , Montreal, QC,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University , Montreal, QC,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6283-150X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sridar","family":"Narayanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University , Montreal, QC,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University , Montreal, QC,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G R Wayne","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University , Montreal, QC,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries , Vancouver, BC,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Division of BioMedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John\u2019s, NL,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1205-1353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo Anne","family":"Stratton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University , Montreal, QC,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnoses and cell-based therapy","volume":"19","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell J"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab025","article-title":"Surface-in pathology in multiple sclerosis: a new view on pathogenesis?","volume":"144","author":"Pardini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-022-00700-2","article-title":"Pathogenic autoantibodies in multiple sclerosis\u2014from a simple idea to a complex concept","volume":"18","author":"H\u00f6ftberger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101379","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2023.1101379","article-title":"The interplay between T helper cells and brain barriers in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Angelini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13322","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.13322","article-title":"Neuropathological and cerebrospinal fluid correlates of choroid plexus inflammation in progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"35","author":"Magliozzi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2014.10.005","article-title":"The cerebrospinal fluid cytokine signature of multiple sclerosis: a homogenous response that does not conform to the Th1\/Th2\/Th17 convention","volume":"277","author":"Burman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2755","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr182","article-title":"Meningeal inflammation is widespread and linked to cortical pathology in multiple sclerosis","volume":"134","author":"Howell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-023-00838-7","article-title":"Meningeal inflammation as a driver of cortical grey matter pathology and clinical progression in multiple sclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Magliozzi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e151683","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.151683","article-title":"Accumulation of meningeal lymphocytes correlates with white matter lesion activity in progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458503ms917oa","article-title":"Intracortical multiple sclerosis lesions are not associated with increased lymphocyte infiltration","volume":"9","author":"B\u00f8","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1100648","article-title":"Inflammatory cortical demyelination in early multiple sclerosis","volume":"365","author":"Lucchinetti","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-022-00323-1","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid production by the choroid plexus: a century of barrier research revisited","volume":"19","author":"MacAulay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618544","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.618544","article-title":"The choroid plexus is permissive for a preactivated antigen-experienced memory B-cell subset in multiple sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Haas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1716","article-title":"C-C chemokine receptor 6-regulated entry of TH-17 cells into the CNS through the choroid plexus is required for the initiation of EAE","volume":"10","author":"Reboldi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e200026","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200026","article-title":"Imaging characteristics of choroid plexuses in presymptomatic multiple sclerosis: a retrospective study","volume":"9","author":"Ricigliano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Senthil","year":"2025","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.03.26.25324694"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-024-02784-0","article-title":"Multiciliated ependymal cells: an update on biology and pathology in the adult brain","volume":"148","author":"Groh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B18","author":"Javed","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3921","article-title":"Development and functions of the choroid plexus\u2013cerebrospinal fluid system","volume":"16","author":"Lun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-020-00196-2","article-title":"Choroid plexus and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in disease","volume":"17","author":"Sol\u00e1r","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2020.183430","article-title":"The molecular anatomy and functions of the choroid plexus in healthy and diseased brain","volume":"1862","author":"Kratzer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-012-0248-8","article-title":"Regulation of Toll-like receptors in the choroid plexus in the immature brain after systemic inflammatory stimuli","volume":"4","author":"Stridh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transl Stroke Res"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5132","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22105132","article-title":"When the blood hits your brain: the neurotoxicity of extravasated blood","volume":"22","author":"Stokum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-022-00955-3","article-title":"Unveiling the gut-brain axis: structural and functional analogies between the gut and the choroid plexus vascular and immune barriers","volume":"44","author":"Carloni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2008.04.035","article-title":"Involvement of the choroid plexus in multiple sclerosis autoimmune inflammation: a neuropathological study","volume":"199","author":"Vercellino","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-020-0885-1","article-title":"Inflammation of the choroid plexus in progressive multiple sclerosis: accumulation of granulocytes and T cells","volume":"8","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Lorenzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-020-00903-y","article-title":"Altered secretory and neuroprotective function of the choroid plexus in progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Lorenzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.13869","article-title":"Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 regulates the vascular expression of vitronectin","volume":"15","author":"Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591557","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1591557","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomics reveals cellular dynamics and chemokine CXCL2-mediated smooth muscle cell proliferation in arterial repair","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.07.002","article-title":"The choroid plexus synergizes with immune cells during neuroinflammation","volume":"187","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.10108","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases in neuroinflammation","volume":"39","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663978","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.663978","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase 3: a promoting and destabilizing factor in the pathogenesis of disease and cell differentiation","volume":"12","author":"Wan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701959","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2021.701959","article-title":"Regulation of ADAMTS proteases","volume":"8","author":"Rose","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Verhaege","year":"2024","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.07.08.601696"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.11.010","article-title":"Integration of Th17- and lymphotoxin-derived signals initiates meningeal-resident stromal cell remodeling to propagate neuroinflammation","volume":"43","author":"Pikor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-021-00525-w","article-title":"Emerging roles for CNS fibroblasts in health, injury and disease","volume":"23","author":"Dorrier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B37","first-page":"S241","article-title":"Fibroblasts as novel therapeutic targets in chronic inflammation","volume":"153","author":"Flavell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7746","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-9861","article-title":"Interleukin-6 production in CD40-engaged fibrocytes in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy: involvement of Akt and NF-\u03baB","volume":"53","author":"Gillespie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29615","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.45.29615","article-title":"Activation of human orbital fibroblasts through CD40 engagement results in a dramatic induction of hyaluronan synthesis and prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase-2 expression. Insights into potential pathogenic mechanisms of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy","volume":"273","author":"Cao","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C707","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1998.274.3.C707","article-title":"Human orbital fibroblasts are activated through CD40 to induce proinflammatory cytokine production","volume":"274","author":"Sempowski","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.58.2.209","article-title":"Ligation of CD40 on fibroblasts induces CD54 (ICAM-1) and CD106 (VCAM-1) up-regulation and IL-6 production and proliferation","volume":"58","author":"Yellin","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13010040","article-title":"Prognostic value of CXCL13, CCL11, and CCL20 chemokines in multiple sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Peker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00531","article-title":"Elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"8","author":"Khaibullin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-025-03407-5","article-title":"Target inhibition of SPAK in choroid plexus attenuates T cell infiltration and demyelination in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"22","author":"Qi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6115","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.6115","article-title":"Ste20-related proline\/alanine-rich kinase: a novel regulator of intestinal inflammation","volume":"14","author":"Yan","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48193","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.10194","article-title":"MT2-MMP induces proteolysis and leads to EMT in carcinomas","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5049","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005049","article-title":"Ste20-related proline\/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) regulated transcriptionally by hyperosmolarity is involved in intestinal barrier function","volume":"4","author":"Yan","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-013-1227-1","article-title":"Disturbed function of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier aggravates neuro-inflammation","volume":"128","author":"Kooij","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585231157206","article-title":"Choroid plexus volume is enlarged in clinically isolated syndrome patients with optic neuritis","volume":"29","author":"Klistorner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Senthil","year":"2025","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.11.10.25339910"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2021204426","article-title":"Choroid plexus enlargement in inflammatory multiple sclerosis: 3.0-T MRI and translocator protein PET evaluation","volume":"301","author":"Ricigliano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2707","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19092707","article-title":"Cellular sources and regional variations in the expression of the neuroinflammatory marker translocator protein (TSPO) in the normal brain","volume":"19","author":"Betlazar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105550","article-title":"Enlarged choroid plexus in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis may lead to brain structural changes through the glymphatic impairment","volume":"85","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585251396439","article-title":"Periventricular gradients in axonal and myelin microstructure are present in people with multiple sclerosis having low and high disability","volume":"32","author":"Bernstein","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-023-00441-4","article-title":"The choroid plexus acts as an immune cell reservoir and brain entry site in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"20","author":"Lazarevic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2024.0017","article-title":"Emerging cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of disease activity and progression in multiple sclerosis","volume":"81","author":"Cross","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2024.10.007","article-title":"Follow the CSF flow: probing multiciliated ependymal cells in brain pathology","volume":"31","author":"Groh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23124","article-title":"Inflammatory demyelination induces ependymal modifications concomitant to activation of adult (SVZ) stem cell proliferation","volume":"65","author":"Pourabdolhossein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B59","first-page":"3449","article-title":"Ependymal cells undergo astrocyte-like reactivity in response to neuroinflammation","volume":"168","author":"Groh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2619","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1203525","article-title":"Complex roles of Stat1 in regulating gene expression","volume":"19","author":"Ramana","year":"2000","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13081204","article-title":"CXCL10 is associated with increased cerebrospinal fluid immune cell infiltration and disease duration in multiple sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Blandford","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12700","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012700","article-title":"CXCL10 can inhibit endothelial cell proliferation independently of CXCR3","volume":"5","author":"Campanella","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2012.05.002","article-title":"CXCL10 contributes to p38-mediated apoptosis in primary T lymphocytes in vitro","volume":"59","author":"Sidahmed","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a028936","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a028936","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis pathology","volume":"8","author":"Lassmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2024.03.001","article-title":"Subventricular zone stem cell niche injury is associated with intestinal perforation in preterm infants and predicts future motor impairment","volume":"31","author":"Epstein","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Groh","year":"2025","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.01.14.633055"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26448","article-title":"Ependymal-in\u201d gradient of thalamic damage in progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"92","author":"Magliozzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaf440","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid\u2013driven ependymal motile cilia defects are implicated in multiple sclerosis [published online ahead of print November 24, 2025]","author":"Bigotte","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-021-00249-0","article-title":"Microglia activated by microbial neuraminidase contributes to ependymal cell death","volume":"18","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Arjona","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3862","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1520-19.2020","article-title":"Ependymal Vps35 promotes ependymal cell differentiation and survival, suppresses microglial activation, and prevents neonatal hydrocephalus","volume":"40","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-022-00624-x","article-title":"The role of glial cells in multiple sclerosis disease progression","volume":"18","author":"Healy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Thevakumaran","year":"2026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.103962"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-012-0992-6","article-title":"Astrocytes acquire morphological and functional characteristics of ependymal cells following disruption of ependyma in hydrocephalus","volume":"124","author":"Roales-Buj\u00e1n","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00445","article-title":"Ventricular and periventricular anomalies in the aging and cognitively impaired brain","volume":"9","author":"Todd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3804","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0224-08.2008","article-title":"Subventricular zone-mediated ependyma repair in the adult mammalian brain","volume":"28","author":"Luo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(99)00003-X","article-title":"Corpora-amylacea and the family of polyglucosan diseases","volume":"29","author":"Cavanagh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6391","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6221-11.2012","article-title":"Genomic analysis of reactive astrogliosis","volume":"32","author":"Zamanian","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01827-9","article-title":"Applying single-cell and single-nucleus genomics to studies of cellular heterogeneity and cell fate transitions in the nervous system","volume":"27","author":"Adameyko","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Neurosci"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadp6325","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adp6325","article-title":"4D marmoset brain map reveals MRI and molecular signatures for onset of multiple sclerosis-like lesions","volume":"387","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2866","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46625-w","article-title":"Shared inflammatory glial cell signature after stab wound injury, revealed by spatial, temporal, and cell-type-specific profiling of the murine cerebral cortex","volume":"15","author":"Koupourtidou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.02.030","article-title":"Cellular architecture of evolving neuroinflammatory lesions and multiple sclerosis pathology","volume":"187","author":"Kukanja","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.12.010","article-title":"Molecular and spatial signatures of mouse brain aging at single-cell resolution","volume":"186","author":"Allen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-024-00727-x","article-title":"The senescence-associated secretory phenotype and its physiological and pathological implications","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"2026032422130684700_vkag023-B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4965","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.10.4965","article-title":"Cutting edge: IL-16\/CD4 preferentially induces Th1 cell migration: requirement of CCR5","volume":"171","author":"Lynch","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Immunol"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/215\/S3\/vkag023\/67503523\/vkag023.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/215\/S3\/vkag023\/67503523\/vkag023.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T02:13:21Z","timestamp":1774404801000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jimmun\/vkag023\/8539976"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jimmun\/vkag023","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1767","1550-6606"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1767","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-6606","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"article-number":"vkag023"}}