{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:31:11Z","timestamp":1792794671029,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001677","name":"INSERM","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001677","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004794","name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004794","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1 and \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure de Lyon","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04zmssz18","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"ANRS grants"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Natural killer (NK) cells are critical for early antiviral immunity, yet their metabolic regulation during acute human viral infection remains incompletely understood. We analyzed NK cell activation and metabolic reprogramming in 47 vaccinated individuals with mild breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection and 20 matched healthy control subjects. COVID-19 patients exhibited elevated plasma interferon \u03b1 and NK cell activation markers (CD69, CD38), alongside increased basal STAT5 phosphorylation, consistent with IL-15\u2013mediated signaling. Functionally, NK cells from infected subjects displayed heightened cytotoxicity. Metabolic profiling at the single-cell level revealed increased cell size, translational activity, amino acid and glucose uptake, and mitochondrial membrane potential, indicating a globally activated metabolic state specific to NK cells. Using newly developed spectral cytometry panels targeting metabolic regulators, we identified CPT1a as the most discriminative marker between patient and control NK cells, with elevated expression in both CD56bright and CD56dim subsets. CPT1a levels correlated with CD38 expression and with uptake of the fluorescent palmitate analog BODIPY-FL C16, reflecting enhanced long-chain fatty acid oxidation. These changes were absent in B and T lymphocytes. Our findings support that during SARS-CoV-2 infection, human NK cells undergo coordinated cytokine-driven activation and metabolic remodeling, integrating glycolysis and lipid oxidation to support amplified effector function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jimmun\/vkag036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T19:38:19Z","timestamp":1777318699000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Single-cell analysis identifies CPT1a-associated metabolic remodeling in human NK cells during COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"215","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Benezech","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR5308, INSERM U1111, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure de Lyon , Lyon,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Hospices Civils de Lyon , Lyon,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis","family":"Picq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR5308, INSERM U1111, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure de Lyon , Lyon,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marine","family":"Villard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR5308, INSERM U1111, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure de Lyon , Lyon,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Hospices Civils de Lyon , Lyon,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"No\u00e9mi","family":"Rousseaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR5308, INSERM U1111, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure de Lyon , Lyon,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ameline","family":"Hamond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR5308, INSERM U1111, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure de Lyon , Lyon,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omran","family":"Allatif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR5308, INSERM U1111, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure de Lyon , Lyon,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonin","family":"Bal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR5308, INSERM U1111, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure de Lyon , Lyon,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Hospices Civils de Lyon , Lyon,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Centre National de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence des Virus des Infections Respiratoires, Hospices Civils de Lyon , Lyon,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4902-5332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Belot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR5308, INSERM U1111, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure de Lyon , Lyon,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Hospices Civils de Lyon , Lyon,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Trouillet-Assant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR5308, INSERM U1111, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure de Lyon , Lyon,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Hospices Civils de Lyon , Lyon,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Mar\u00e7ais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR5308, INSERM U1111, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure de Lyon , Lyon,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Walzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR5308, INSERM U1111, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure de Lyon , Lyon,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00558-3","article-title":"Natural killer cells in antiviral immunity","volume":"22","author":"Bj\u00f6rkstr\u00f6m","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4279","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.8.4279","article-title":"Coordinated and distinct roles for IFN-\u0391\u03b2, IL-12, and IL-15 regulation of NK cell responses to viral infection","volume":"169","author":"Nguyen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-03-1154","article-title":"Natural-killer cells and dendritic cells: \u201cl\u2019union fait la force.\u201d","volume":"106","author":"Walzer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.03.006","article-title":"Dendritic cells prime natural killer cells by trans-presenting interleukin 15","volume":"26","author":"Lucas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20041389","article-title":"Coordinate expression and trans presentation of interleukin (IL)-15Ralpha and IL-15 supports natural killer cell and memory CD8+ T cell homeostasis","volume":"200","author":"Burkett","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20071913","article-title":"IL-15R\u03b1 chaperones IL-15 to stable dendritic cell membrane complexes that activate NK cells via trans presentation","volume":"205","author":"Mortier","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.34273","article-title":"Plasmacytoid dendritic cells control dengue and Chikungunya virus infections via IRF7-regulated interferon responses","volume":"7","author":"Webster","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2936","article-title":"The metabolic checkpoint kinase mTOR is essential for IL-15 signaling during the development and activation of NK cells","volume":"15","author":"Mar\u00e7ais","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4477","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401558","article-title":"mTORC1-dependent metabolic reprogramming is a prerequisite for NK cell effector function","volume":"193","author":"Donnelly","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1402099","article-title":"Activation-specific metabolic requirements for NK Cell IFN-\u03b3 production","volume":"194","author":"Keppel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04719-2","article-title":"Amino acid-dependent cMyc expression is essential for NK cell metabolic and functional responses in mice","volume":"9","author":"Loftus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3838","article-title":"Srebp-controlled glucose metabolism is essential for NK cell functional responses","volume":"18","author":"Assmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.03.023","article-title":"Metabolic flexibility determines human NK cell functional fate in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"33","author":"Poznanski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861251","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.861251","article-title":"Severe COVID-19 patients display hyper-activated NK cells and NK cell-platelet aggregates","volume":"13","author":"Malengier-Devlies","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abd6832","article-title":"Natural killer cell immunotypes related to COVID-19 disease severity","volume":"5","author":"Maucourant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0944-y","article-title":"A single-cell atlas of the peripheral immune response in patients with severe COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"Wilk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-00557-9","article-title":"Unique immunological profile in patients with COVID-19","volume":"18","author":"Varchetta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0901-9","article-title":"Single-cell landscape of bronchoalveolar immune cells in patients with COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3709","DOI":"10.1039\/C9OB00459A","article-title":"Gram-scale synthesis of luciferins derived from coelenterazine and original insights into their bioluminescence properties","volume":"17","author":"Coutant","year":"2019","journal-title":"Org Biomol Chem"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1177\/2472555218797078","article-title":"Identification of primary natural killer cell modulators by chemical library screening with a luciferase-based functional assay","volume":"24","author":"Hayek","year":"2019","journal-title":"SLAS Discov"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.05.021","article-title":"Fasting reshapes tissue-specific niches to improve NK cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity","volume":"57","author":"Delconte","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06164-y","article-title":"Post-click labeling enables highly accurate single cell analyses of glucose uptake ex vivo and in vivo","volume":"7","author":"Tsuchiya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2122578","article-title":"Dynamics of viral shedding during ancestral or Omicron BA.1 SARS-CoV-2 infection and enhancement of pre-existing immunity during breakthrough infections","volume":"11","author":"Saade","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.11.007","article-title":"SCENITH: a flow cytometry-based method to functionally profile energy metabolism with single-cell resolution","volume":"32","author":"Arg\u00fcello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04366-7","article-title":"Single cell analysis of kynurenine and System L amino acid transport in T cells","volume":"9","author":"Sinclair","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-1027-9","article-title":"Met-Flow, a strategy for single-cell metabolic analysis highlights dynamic changes in immune subpopulations","volume":"3","author":"Ahl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0651-8","article-title":"Single-cell metabolic profiling of human cytotoxic T cells","volume":"39","author":"Hartmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04142-6","article-title":"Untimely TGF\u03b2 responses in COVID-19 limit antiviral functions of NK cells","volume":"600","author":"Witkowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01661-4","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 viral persistence in lung alveolar macrophages is controlled by IFN-\u03b3 and NK cells","volume":"24","author":"Huot","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e74489","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.74489","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 host-shutoff impacts innate NK cell functions, but antibody-dependent NK activity is strongly activated through non-spike antibodies","volume":"11","author":"Fielding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.07.022","article-title":"Abnormality in the NK-cell population is prolonged in severe COVID-19 patients","volume":"148","author":"Leem","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5035","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020002650","article-title":"Impaired natural killer cell counts and cytolytic activity in patients with severe COVID-19","volume":"4","author":"Osman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2552","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501783","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming supports IFN-\u03b3 production by CD56bright NK cells","volume":"196","author":"Keating","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.06.047","article-title":"Education-dependent activation of glycolysis promotes the cytolytic potency of licensed human natural killer cells","volume":"143","author":"Schafer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020003458","article-title":"Polarized mitochondria as guardians of NK cell fitness","volume":"5","author":"Surace","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.09.003","article-title":"Metabolic profiling using stable isotope tracing reveals distinct patterns of glucose utilization by physiologically activated CD8+ T cells","volume":"51","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5376","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25715-z","article-title":"Metabolic requirements of NK cells during the acute response against retroviral infection","volume":"12","author":"Littwitz-Salomon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2319254121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2319254121","article-title":"Fatty acid oxidation fuels natural killer cell responses against infection and cancer","volume":"121","author":"Sheppard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadd6997","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.add6997","article-title":"Loss of metabolic fitness drives tumor resistance after CAR-NK cell therapy and can be overcome by cytokine engineering","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0251-7","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming of natural killer cells in obesity limits antitumor responses","volume":"19","author":"Michelet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadr4795","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.adr4795","article-title":"Uptake of lipids from ascites drives NK cell metabolic dysfunction in ovarian cancer","volume":"10","author":"Slattery","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.02.018","article-title":"Time-resolved systems immunology reveals a late juncture linked to fatal COVID-19","volume":"184","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334882","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1334882","article-title":"Immunometabolic features of natural killer cells are associated with infection outcomes in critical illness","volume":"15","author":"Chung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e173099","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.173099","article-title":"IL-15 reprogramming compensates for NK cell mitochondrial dysfunction in HIV-1 infection","volume":"9","author":"Moreno-Cubero","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2026042715381026600_vkag036-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e60095","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.60095","article-title":"Peripheral natural killer cells in chronic hepatitis B patients display multiple molecular features of T cell exhaustion","volume":"10","author":"Marotel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/215\/4\/vkag036\/68171590\/vkag036.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/215\/4\/vkag036\/68171590\/vkag036.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T19:38:24Z","timestamp":1777318704000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jimmun\/vkag036\/8663633"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jimmun\/vkag036","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1767","1550-6606"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1767","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-6606","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"article-number":"vkag036"}}