{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T18:41:21Z","timestamp":1776537681242,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Current immunotherapies for autoimmune diseases lack sufficient specificity and often compromise protective immunity, underscoring the need for precision-based approaches. Here, we identify x-mAb, a germline-encoded IgM autoantibody derived from dual-expresser lymphocytes of patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D), as a potent agent for precision immunotherapy. In the nonobese diabetic mouse model, x-mAb prevents disease onset, induces durable remission, and preserves functional pancreatic islets without disrupting systemic immune homeostasis. Mechanistically, x-mAb selectively targets islet-reactive CD4 and CD8 tissue-resident memory (Trm) T cells in pancreas and pancreatic lymph nodes, as shown by MHC tetramer staining and in vivo tracking. x-mAb engagement downregulates CD69, a key Trm retention molecule, resulting in a marked reduction of pathogenic pancreatic T cells. Critically, x-mAb recognizes analogous CD69+ Trm-like peripheral T cells in T1D patients and downregulates CD69 ex vivo, indicating a conserved and therapeutically targetable mechanism across species. Structural modeling revealed that x-mAb engages TCR\u03b1\u03b2 through multiple contact sites, with the most stable interactions targeting a conserved CDR3\u03b1 SGGGGS motif shared by diabetogenic human and mouse clonotypes. Based on these findings, we propose natural IgM autoantibodies as a previously unrecognized reservoir for precision biologics that selectively target autoreactive T cells while preserving immune competence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jimmun\/vkag056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T18:02:55Z","timestamp":1776535375000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Leveraging a naturally occurring IgM autoantibody to target diabetogenic T cells: a precision medicine approach to type 1 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"215","author":[{"given":"Rafid","family":"Al-Hallaf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zainab","family":"Agha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6768-6308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrizio","family":"Caturegli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Avi","family":"Rosenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Risa","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin C","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Quantitative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Quantitative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sangyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Quantitative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruhong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Quantitative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Computational Biology Center, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center , Yorktown Heights, NY,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Columbia University , New York, NY,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunfa","family":"Jie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Des Moines University , Des Moines, IA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Donner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdel Rahim A","family":"Hamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90730-E","article-title":"Following a diabetogenic T cell from genesis through pathogenesis","volume":"74","author":"Katz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000647","article-title":"Current state of antigen-specific immunotherapy for type 1 diabetes","volume":"28","author":"Kreiner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-017-1069-8","article-title":"The shifting paradigm of a \u201ccure\u201d for type 1 diabetes: is technology replacing immune-based therapies?","volume":"55","author":"Pettus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-0675","article-title":"Teplizumab: a disease-modifying therapy for type 1 diabetes that preserves \u03b2-cell function","volume":"46","author":"Herold","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v11.i1.13","article-title":"Current understandings of the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes: genetics to environment","volume":"11","author":"Giwa","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/9442","article-title":"The NOD mouse model of type 1 diabetes: as good as it gets?","volume":"5","author":"Atkinson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a041600","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a041600","article-title":"The teplizumab saga: the challenge of not getting lost in clinical translation","volume":"15","author":"Chatenoud","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2023.2281990","article-title":"Teplizumab: promises and challenges of a recently approved monoclonal antibody for the prevention of type 1 diabetes or preservation of residual beta cell function","volume":"20","author":"Fanaropoulou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xpro.2021.100925","article-title":"Detection, sorting, and immortalization of dual expresser lymphocytes from human peripheral blood samples","volume":"2","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"STAR Protoc"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.05.007","article-title":"A public BCR present in a unique dual-receptor-expressing lymphocyte from type 1 diabetes patients encodes a potent T cell autoantigen","volume":"177","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1700812","article-title":"KEAP1 editing using CRISPR\/Cas9 for therapeutic NRF2 activation in primary human T lymphocytes","volume":"200","author":"Noel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.04.016","article-title":"Inhibition of Fas ligand in NOD mice unmasks a protective role for IL-10 against insulitis development","volume":"179","author":"Xiao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2007.070148","article-title":"Protection from autoimmune diabetes and T-cell lymphoproliferation induced by FasL mutation are differentially regulated and can be uncoupled pharmacologically","volume":"171","author":"Mohamood","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1080\/08820139.2025.2552841","article-title":"Myelin-reactive TCR\/IgM dual-expresser lymphocytes in multiple sclerosis: linking pathogenesis to anti-CD20 therapy","volume":"54","author":"Paul","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunol Invest"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.05.007","article-title":"A public BCR present in a unique dual-receptor-expressing lymphocyte from type 1 diabetes patients encodes a potent T cell autoantigen","volume":"177","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.113210","article-title":"Renal tubular epithelial cells are constitutive non-cognate stimulators of resident T cells","volume":"42","author":"Sadasivam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2018080815","article-title":"Activation and proliferation of PD-1(+) kidney double-negative T cells is dependent on nonclassical MHC proteins and IL-2","volume":"30","author":"Sadasivam","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxl057","article-title":"Gld mutation of Fas ligand increases the frequency and up-regulates cell survival genes in CD25+CD4+ TR cells","volume":"18","author":"Mohamood","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5.6.1","DOI":"10.1002\/cpbi.3","article-title":"Comparative protein structure modeling using MODELLER","volume":"54","author":"Webb","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W310","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkl206","article-title":"GRAMM-X public web server for protein-protein docking","volume":"34","author":"Tovchigrechko","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11731","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-15676-8","article-title":"A human IgM enriched immunoglobulin preparation, pentaglobin, reverses autoimmune diabetes without immune suppression in NOD mice","volume":"12","author":"Wilson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2300264","article-title":"B-1 B cell-derived natural antibodies against N-acetyl-d-glucosamine suppress autoimmune diabetes pathogenesis","volume":"211","author":"New","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2115695119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2115695119","article-title":"Autoreactive antibodies control blood glucose by regulating insulin homeostasis","volume":"1190","author":"Amendt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.2337\/db18-0456","article-title":"Healthy donor polyclonal IgMs diminish B-Lymphocyte autoreactivity, enhance regulatory T-cell generation, and reverse type 1 diabetes in NOD mice","volume":"67","author":"Wilson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e31826b4ba9","article-title":"Naturally occurring immunoglobulin M (nIgM) autoantibodies prevent autoimmune diabetes and mitigate inflammation after transplantation","volume":"256","author":"Chhabra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B26","first-page":"89","article-title":"Role of natural IgM autoantibodies (IgM-NAA) and IgM anti-leukocyte antibodies (IgM-ALA) in regulating inflammation","volume":"408","author":"Lobo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010482","article-title":"Targeting pathogenic postischemic self-recognition by natural IgM to protect against posttransplantation cardiac reperfusion injury","volume":"131","author":"Atkinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3388","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34537","article-title":"Natural antibody to apoptotic cell membranes inhibits the proinflammatory properties of lupus autoantibody immune complexes","volume":"64","author":"Vas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatism"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvq141","article-title":"Blockade of self-reactive IgM significantly reduces injury in a murine model of acute myocardial infarction","volume":"87","author":"Haas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2947","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.6.2947","article-title":"CD3 antibody-induced dominant self tolerance in overtly diabetic NOD mice","volume":"158","author":"Chatenoud","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.1.123","article-title":"Anti-CD3 antibody induces long-term remission of overt autoimmunity in nonobese diabetic mice","volume":"91","author":"Chatenoud","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-025-02591-8","article-title":"Effects of diabetic ketoacidosis, islet cell function, and age of onset on pancreas size, morphology, and exocrine function in children with type 1 diabetes: an abdominal MRI study","volume":"48","author":"Cai","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2699","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad150","article-title":"Longitudinal MRI shows progressive decline in pancreas size and altered pancreas shape in type 1 diabetes","volume":"108","author":"Wright","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-1025","article-title":"Islet-derived CD4 T cells targeting proinsulin in human autoimmune diabetes","volume":"66","author":"Michels","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14840","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1416864111","article-title":"Autoreactive T cells specific for insulin B:11\u201323 recognize a low-affinity peptide register in human subjects with autoimmune diabetes","volume":"111","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44661","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44661","article-title":"CD8+ T cells specific for the islet autoantigen IGRP are restricted in their T cell receptor chain usage","volume":"7","author":"Fuchs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4196","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903931","article-title":"Toxin-coupled MHC class I tetramers can specifically ablate autoreactive CD8+ T cells and delay diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice","volume":"184","author":"Vincent","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.2.331","article-title":"Initiation of autoimmune diabetes by developmentally regulated presentation of islet cell antigens in the pancreatic lymph nodes","volume":"189","author":"Hoglund","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-101320-020220","article-title":"The multifaceted role of tissue-resident memory T cells","volume":"42","author":"Christo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-042617-053214","article-title":"Tissue-resident T cells and other resident leukocytes","volume":"37","author":"Masopust","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04606","article-title":"CD69 acts downstream of interferon-alpha\/beta to inhibit S1P1 and lymphocyte egress from lymphoid organs","volume":"440","author":"Shiow","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2308461","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202308461","article-title":"Islet-resident memory T cells orchestrate the immunopathogenesis of type 1 diabetes through the FABP4-CXCL10 axis","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103759","article-title":"The role of memory T cells in type 1 diabetes: phenotypes, mechanisms, and therapeutic implications","volume":"24","author":"Fazeli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15030441","article-title":"Tissue resident and infiltrating immune cells: their influence on the demise of beta cells in type 1 diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Walker","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10090","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801648105","article-title":"Conserved T cell receptor alpha-chain induces insulin autoantibodies","volume":"105","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.6.2518","article-title":"T cell receptor restriction of diabetogenic autoimmune NOD T cells","volume":"94","author":"Simone","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1006\/jaut.1997.0134","article-title":"T cell receptor gene polymorphisms associated with anti-insulin, autoimmune T cells in diabetes-prone NOD mice","volume":"10","author":"Simone","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2009.02.003","article-title":"Analysis of T cell receptor beta chains that combine with dominant conserved TRAV5D-4*04 anti-insulin B:9-23 alpha chains","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004559","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2024-004559","article-title":"Resident memory CD8(+) T cells dominate lymphoid immune cell population in human pancreatic islets in health and type 2 diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Radenkovic","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-024-01990-3","article-title":"CD69(+)CD103(+)CD8(+) tissue-resident memory T cells possess stronger anti-tumor activity and predict better prognosis in colorectal cancer","volume":"22","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1080\/08820139.2024.2383736","article-title":"Invariant VD and DJ motifs define a novel class of human antibodies and TCRs prototyped by antigen receptors of dual-expresser lymphocytes","volume":"53","author":"Majety","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunol Invest"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.36.5.618","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis: stimulation of antireceptor autoantibodies by autoreactive T cell lines","volume":"36","author":"Hohlfeld","year":"1986","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007086608036","article-title":"Production and characterization of monoclonal IgM autoantibodies specific for the T-cell receptor","volume":"19","author":"Robey","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Protein Chem"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1385\/ABAB:83:1-3:31","article-title":"Epitope promiscuity of human monoclonal autoantibodies to T-cell receptor-combining site determinants","volume":"83","author":"Marchalonis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl Biochem Biotechnol"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B55","first-page":"193","article-title":"Natural autoantibodies to TCR public idiotopes: potential roles in immunomodulation","volume":"49","author":"Schluter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02369354","article-title":"Anti-islet cell and anti-insulin antibody production by CD5+ and CD5- B lymphocytes in IDDM","volume":"38","author":"Munoz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1991.tb01567.x","article-title":"Immunoglobulin-mediated prevention of autoimmune diabetes in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse","volume":"34","author":"Forsgren","year":"1991","journal-title":"Scandinavian J Immunol"},{"key":"2026041814024610900_vkag056-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.46.6.941","article-title":"B-cells are required for the initiation of insulitis and sialitis in nonobese diabetic mice","volume":"46","author":"Noorchashm","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabetes"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/215\/4\/vkag056\/68110763\/vkag056.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/215\/4\/vkag056\/68110763\/vkag056.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T18:03:02Z","timestamp":1776535382000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jimmun\/vkag056\/8658748"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jimmun\/vkag056","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1767","1550-6606"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1767","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-6606","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"article-number":"vkag056"}}