{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T05:54:33Z","timestamp":1776837273031,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Research Council starting grant","award":["803,363"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["803,363"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["310030_197619"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310030_197619"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The concept of polyfunctional secretion, the ability of cells to secrete multiple, functionally distinct proteins, has received increased attention for B cells as they have been described to secrete both antibodies and cytokines. However, the functional analysis of B cells was mostly performed in bulk, and consequently, the dynamics, quantity, and temporality of poly-secreting B cells are not well understood on the level of the individual cell. Furthermore, data on the existence of B-cell polyfunctionality in healthy settings remain scarce. Therefore, in this work, we developed a microfluidic workflow for the quantitative, simultaneous analysis of B-cell polyfunctionality on the single-cell level, focusing on 4 key secreted proteins\u2014IL-10, IL-6, GM-CSF, and IgG\u2014in switched memory B cells after ex vivo stimulation. Our findings revealed that IgG cytokine co-secretion occurred at the single-cell level, and was induced early by specific stimuli. Notably, ex vivo TLR4 activation of human B cells induced a population of highly polyfunctional B cells, wherein IL-6 and GM-CSF exhibited faster secretion dynamics compared to their mono-secreting counterparts. Moreover, these functional differences correlated with CD19 expression: Higher CD19 levels resulted in increased IL-6 and GM-CSF secretion rates and delayed IgG secretion. This suggests distinct functional properties correlating with CD19 expression levels in ex vivo activated antibody-secreting and B cells. Beyond the quantitative and dynamic description of inflammatory and regulatory B cells, these results offer insights into the complexity and temporal patterns of B-cell (poly)functionalities, opening new avenues for studying disease-related immune regulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jimmun\/vkag063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T04:32:55Z","timestamp":1776832375000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["CD19 expression associates with polyfunctionality and altered secretion dynamics in individual activated human B cells"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"215","author":[{"given":"Luca Johannes","family":"Schlotheuber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Functional Immune Repertoire Analysis, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich , Zurich,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morten \u00d8gelund","family":"Overgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9344-5110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaus","family":"Eyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Functional Immune Repertoire Analysis, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich , Zurich,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12671","article-title":"Dynamic balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory signals controls disease and limits pathology","volume":"285","author":"Cicchese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00657-1","article-title":"The germinal centre B cell response to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"22","author":"Laidlaw","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3804","article-title":"Dynamics of B cells in germinal centres","volume":"15","author":"De Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"RP89781","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.89781","article-title":"Stimulation-induced cytokine polyfunctionality as a dynamic concept","volume":"12","author":"Portmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B5","first-page":"e66492","article-title":"Microfluidic Approach to Resolve Simultaneous and Sequential Cytokine Secretion of Individual Polyfunctional Cells","volume":"205","author":"Linder","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00642","article-title":"B Cells are multifunctional players in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis: insights from therapeutic interventions","volume":"6","author":"Claes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6104054","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6104054","article-title":"IL-10: a multifunctional cytokine in viral infections","volume":"2017","author":"Rojas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.1.642","article-title":"A regulatory effect of the balance between TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 in the granulomatous and inflammatory response to Rhodococcus aurantiacus infection in mice","volume":"177","author":"Yimin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20081571","article-title":"The induction of antibody production by IL-6 is indirectly mediated by IL-21 produced by CD4+ T cells","volume":"206","author":"Dienz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2008.03.014","article-title":"Peripheral B cell subsets","volume":"20","author":"Allman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1093\/cei\/uxac104","article-title":"Human B-cell subset identification and changes in inflammatory diseases","volume":"210","author":"Velounias","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2313672121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2313672121","article-title":"Isotype switching in human memory B cells sets intrinsic antigen-affinity thresholds that dictate antigen-driven fates","volume":"121","author":"Ambegaonkar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-024-01889-5","article-title":"B cell memory: from generation to reactivation: a multipronged defense wall against pathogens","volume":"10","author":"Syeda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60761-869-0_7","article-title":"Identifying regulatory B cells (B10 cells) that produce IL-10 in mice","volume":"677","author":"Matsushita","year":"2011","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3207","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20170580","article-title":"B cell-derived IL-6 initiates spontaneous germinal center formation during systemic autoimmunity","volume":"214","author":"Arkatkar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00652-6","article-title":"B cells in central nervous system disease: diversity, locations and pathophysiology","volume":"22","author":"Jain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01497-y","article-title":"Human memory B cells show plasticity and adopt multiple fates upon recall response to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"24","author":"Zurbuchen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1093\/cei\/uxac090","article-title":"Cytokine production by human B cells: role in health and autoimmune disease","volume":"210","author":"De Gruijter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3946320221131981","DOI":"10.1177\/03946320221131981","article-title":"COVID-19 diversity: A case of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children masquerading as juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"36","author":"Sobh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2336120","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.36120","article-title":"Autoimmune and autoinflammatory connective tissue disorders following COVID-19","volume":"6","author":"Lim","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1547","article-title":"CD19 is essential for B cell activation by promoting B cell receptor\u2013antigen microcluster formation in response to membrane-bound ligand","volume":"9","author":"Depoil","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4618","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501761","article-title":"Early emergence of CD19-negative human antibody-secreting cells at the plasmablast to plasma cell transition","volume":"198","author":"Arumugakani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.06.016","article-title":"Long-lived plasma cells are contained within the CD19(-)CD38(hi)CD138(+) subset in human bone marrow","volume":"43","author":"Halliley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-02-555169","article-title":"A unique population of IgG-expressing plasma cells lacking CD19 is enriched in human bone marrow","volume":"125","author":"Mei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00721","article-title":"The maintenance of memory plasma cells","volume":"10","author":"Khodadadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1076071","article-title":"Maintenance of serological memory by polyclonal activation of human memory B cells","volume":"298","author":"Bernasconi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0244-2","article-title":"B cell memory: building two walls of protection against pathogens","volume":"20","author":"Akkaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6701","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076701","article-title":"The role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their related signaling pathways in viral infection and inflammation","volume":"24","author":"Kircheis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7204","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.23208","article-title":"Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9020433","article-title":"IL-21 in conjunction with Anti-CD40 and IL-4 constitutes a potent polyclonal B cell stimulator for monitoring antigen-specific memory B cells","volume":"9","author":"Franke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3663","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.147.11.3663","article-title":"The CD19 complex of B lymphocytes. Activation of phospholipase C by a protein tyrosine kinase-dependent pathway that can be enhanced by the membrane IgM complex","volume":"147","author":"Carter","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2009.00782.x","article-title":"Molecular mechanism and function of CD40\/CD40L engagement in the immune system","volume":"229","author":"Elgueta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2006.01818.x","article-title":"Antibody-mediated regulation of the immune response","volume":"64","author":"Hjelm","year":"2006","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6191","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.11.6191-6196.2004","article-title":"New concepts in antibody-mediated immunity","volume":"72","author":"Casadevall","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10051175","article-title":"Physiological and pathological inflammation induced by antibodies and pentraxins","volume":"10","author":"Geyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3121","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30613-z","article-title":"Ex vivo-expanded human CD19+TIM-1+ regulatory B cells suppress immune responses in vivo and are dependent upon the TIM-1\/STAT3 axis","volume":"13","author":"Shankar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crmeth.2023.100502","article-title":"Single-cell deep phenotyping of cytokine release unmasks stimulation-specific biological signatures and distinct secretion dynamics","volume":"3","author":"Portmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep Methods"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2920","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-020-0354-0","article-title":"Dynamic single-cell phenotyping of immune cells using the microfluidic platform DropMap","volume":"15","author":"Bounab","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3964","article-title":"Single-cell deep phenotyping of IgG-secreting cells for high-resolution immune monitoring","volume":"35","author":"Eyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1006\/cimm.2000.1673","article-title":"The immune response modifiers imiquimod and R-848 are potent activators of B lymphocytes","volume":"203","author":"Tomai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2013.02.009","article-title":"Optimization of a human IgG B-cell ELISpot assay for the analysis of vaccine-induced B-cell responses","volume":"391","author":"Jahnmatz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2974","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900495","article-title":"Antigen receptor signals rescue B cells from TLR tolerance","volume":"183","author":"Poovassery","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13921","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14089-2","article-title":"Peripheral CD19hi B cells exhibit activated phenotype and functionality in promoting IgG and IgM production in human autoimmune diseases","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1301361","article-title":"CD19 and CD32b differentially regulate human B cell responsiveness","volume":"192","author":"Karnell","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Szelinski","year":"2021.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.25.21257784"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16464-6","article-title":"Discrete populations of isotype-switched memory B lymphocytes are maintained in murine spleen and bone marrow","volume":"11","author":"Riedel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.1.73","article-title":"CD19 function in early and late B cell development: I. Maintenance of follicular and marginal zone B cells requires CD19-dependent survival signals","volume":"170","author":"Otero","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-1811(99)00043-2","article-title":"CD19 is a central response regulator of B lymphocyte signaling thresholds governing autoimmunity","volume":"22","author":"Sato","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2005.04.012","article-title":"CD19 regulates B cell maturation, proliferation, and positive selection in the FDC zone of murine splenic germinal centers","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2018.01.017","article-title":"Emerging role of IL-35 in inflammatory autoimmune diseases","volume":"17","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1270","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1270","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2-secreting regulatory B cells: unsung players in immune regulation","volume":"10","author":"Huai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Transl Immunol"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34594","DOI":"10.1038\/srep34594","article-title":"B cell-derived transforming growth factor-\u03b21 expression limits the induction phase of autoimmune neuroinflammation","volume":"6","author":"Bjarnad\u00f3ttir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-02209-2","article-title":"Metabolically activated and highly polyfunctional intratumoral VISTA+ regulatory B cells are associated with tumor recurrence in early-stage NSCLC","volume":"24","author":"Lo Tartaro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B54","first-page":"519","article-title":"T-cell subsets (TCM, TEM, TEMRA) and poly-functional immune response in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and different T-CD4 cell response","volume":"49","author":"Meraviglia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.110728","article-title":"Human IL-10-producing B cells have diverse states that are induced from multiple B cell subsets","volume":"39","author":"Glass","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2014.01.007","article-title":"The IL-6 feed-forward loop: a driver of tumorigenesis","volume":"26","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.14201","article-title":"Making sense of IL-6 signalling cues in pathophysiology","volume":"596","author":"Millrine","year":"2022","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.04.003","article-title":"CD5 binds to interleukin-6 and induces a feed-forward loop with the transcription factor STAT3 in B cells to promote cancer","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201343822","article-title":"Autocrine IL-10 promotes human B-cell differentiation into IgM- or IgG-secreting plasmablasts","volume":"44","author":"Heine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12731","article-title":"Germinal center B cell initiation, GC maturation, and the coevolution of its stromal cell niches","volume":"288","author":"Haberman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310ra166","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aab4176","article-title":"Proinflammatory GM-CSF-producing B cells in multiple sclerosis and B cell depletion therapy","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01265","article-title":"Roles of GM-CSF in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases: an update","volume":"10","author":"Lotfi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20190945","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20190945","article-title":"GM-CSF in inflammation","volume":"217","author":"Hamilton","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2026042201064080700_vkag063-B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173672","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1173672","article-title":"Leveraging the tolerogenic potential of TNF-\u03b1 and regulatory B cells in organ transplantation","volume":"14","author":"Poznansky","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/215\/4\/vkag063\/68131930\/vkag063.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/215\/4\/vkag063\/68131930\/vkag063.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T05:06:48Z","timestamp":1776834408000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jimmun\/vkag063\/8660457"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jimmun\/vkag063","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1767","1550-6606"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1767","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-6606","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"article-number":"vkag063"}}