{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T05:54:29Z","timestamp":1776837269840,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health","award":["R01AI148359"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI148359"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health","award":["U01AI182210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AI182210"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The Modular Immune In vitro Construct (MIMIC) system is an established laboratory-based methodology that reproduces in vitro the human in vivo T-cell immune response. In this study, we utilized the MIMIC system to establish a dendritic cell and CD4+ T-cell co-culture model that recapitulates T helper cell responses to Chlamydia trachomatis infection in humans. We demonstrate that C. trachomatis infection induces C. trachomatis\u2013specific IFN-\u03b3\u2013producing CD4+ T-cell responses, with IFN-\u03b3 as the dominant cytokine, accompanied by significant production of TNF-\u03b1, IL-13, IL-8, and IL-6. Live C. trachomatis induces stronger IFN-\u03b3 CD4+ T-cell responses than heat-killed bacteria. A C. trachomatis outer membrane protein vaccine comprising the major outer membrane protein and polymorphic membrane proteins PmpE, PmpG, and PmpH elicited limited CD4+ T-cell responses, while an attenuated Chlamydia muridarum whole cell\u2013based vaccine (intrOv) generated robust CD4+ T-cell responses against C. trachomatis challenge, encompassing multiple genital C. trachomatis serovars. The results suggest that intrOv vaccine should advance along the clinical development pathway as a chlamydia vaccine. MIMIC represents a valuable platform for evaluating chlamydia vaccine candidates, and it can reduce time and cost required to advance vaccine candidates to clinical trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jimmun\/vkag080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T04:32:44Z","timestamp":1776832364000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunological evaluation of vaccines to prevent\n                    <i>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/i>\n                    infection using the human in vitro MIMIC system"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"215","author":[{"given":"Hong","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0603-2404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William M","family":"Geisler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuanbin","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steffanie","family":"Sabbaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kanupriya","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8455-980X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary","family":"Cutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangming","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, TX,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert C","family":"Brunham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British 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