{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T15:10:38Z","timestamp":1788793838098,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R15HL159554"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R15HL159554"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Sepsis is the leading cause of death in hospitals and is very common in intensive care units (ICUs). Sleep is frequently interrupted in the hospital setting, especially within the ICU. Patients who sleep poorly have worse outcomes, such as increased mortality and longer hospital stays; however, the molecular basis remains poorly understood. In this study, we utilized a mouse model to investigate the impact of sleep interruption on subsequent sepsis. We found that sleep interruption aggravated sepsis, as evidenced by higher mortality rates (88% in mice with interrupted sleep vs 57% in mice with normal sleep; P\u2009=\u20090.0045) and worse disease scores. This effect occurred in both females and males. Sleep interruption increased circulating T cells and CD8+ T-cell activation during sepsis. Sleep interruption also increased the levels of serum cytokines (including IL-23 before sepsis was induced, and IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, MCP-1, and IL-10 after sepsis), and amplified macrophage cytokine production ex vivo. These ex vivo effects were largely dependent on Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), and sleep interruption no longer exacerbated sepsis in TLR2 knockout mice. Interestingly, the effects of sleep interruption on sepsis were reversed by 48\u2009hours of recovery sleep, consistent with a mechanism involving altered gene expression rather than epigenetic changes. RNA sequencing identified 680 genes that were significantly up- or downregulated in macrophages from animals subject to sleep interruption, including multiple genes related to pathogen defense and cytokine signaling. Our study confirms that good sleep is essential to maximize sepsis survival and provides insight into the molecular basis whereby poor sleep alters immune function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jimmun\/vkag130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T10:35:46Z","timestamp":1780914946000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sleep interruption aggravates sepsis by rewiring the macrophage immune response"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"215","author":[{"given":"Jacob A","family":"Allen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine , Columbus, GA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taniah","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso , El Paso, TX,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Rodarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso , El Paso, TX,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso , El Paso, TX,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark E","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine , Columbus, GA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mackenzie","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine , Columbus, GA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chidozie","family":"Ugochukwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine , Columbus, GA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjali","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine , Columbus, GA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sydney","family":"Ligon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso , El Paso, TX,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alok K","family":"Dwivedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Integrated Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Biostatistics, and Medical Epidemiology, Missouri School of Medicine , Columbia, MO,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7634-9629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wendy E","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine , Columbus, GA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9476","article-title":"Sleep is essential to health: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine position statement","volume":"17","author":"Ramar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2017.04.017","article-title":"Sleep in vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and insights into the function and evolution of sleep","volume":"118","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci Res"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6857280","article-title":"Physiological correlates of prolonged sleep deprivation in rats","volume":"221","author":"Rechtschaffen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12371","article-title":"The two-process model of sleep regulation: a reappraisal","volume":"25","author":"Borb\u00e9ly","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.02.012","article-title":"Functions and mechanisms of adenosine and its receptors in sleep regulation","volume":"115","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001976","article-title":"Goodnight, sleep tight, don\u2019t let the microbes bite: a review of sleep and its effects on sepsis and inflammation","volume":"58","author":"Walker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1701677","article-title":"Circadian rhythms influence the severity of sepsis in mice via a TLR2-dependent, leukocyte-intrinsic mechanism","volume":"201","author":"Heipertz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.12.017","article-title":"The circadian clock controls toll-like receptor 9-mediated innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"36","author":"Silver","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2009.07.026","article-title":"Validation of a novel method to interrupt sleep in the mouse","volume":"184","author":"Sinton","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S400115","article-title":"Common variables that influence sepsis mortality in mice","volume":"16","author":"Garcia","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7526-6_15","article-title":"Methods to study the innate immune response to sepsis","volume":"1717","author":"Walker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000002585","article-title":"Creatine kinase is elevated by the submandibular vein bleed technique, obscuring the measurement of muscle damage in sepsis","volume":"63","author":"Ali","year":"2025","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000771","article-title":"STING and TRIF contribute to mouse sepsis, depending on severity of the disease model","volume":"47","author":"Heipertz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0312138","article-title":"IRF3 contributes to sepsis pathogenesis in the mouse cecal ligation and puncture model","volume":"92","author":"Walker","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.4049\/immunohorizons.2100086","article-title":"Large peritoneal macrophages and transitional premonocytes promote survival during abdominal sepsis","volume":"5","author":"Goswami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunohorizons"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1488-4_17","article-title":"Detection of blood cell surface biomarkers in septic mice","volume":"2321","author":"Goswami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3317","article-title":"HISAT: a fast spliced aligner with low memory requirements","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt656","article-title":"featureCounts: an efficient general purpose program for assigning sequence reads to genomic features","volume":"30","author":"Liao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","article-title":"Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2","volume":"15","author":"Love","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B21","first-page":"100141","article-title":"clusterProfiler 4.0: a universal enrichment tool for interpreting omics data","volume":"2","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Innovation (Camb)"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001699","article-title":"The hematopoietic stem\/progenitor cell response to hemorrhage, injury, and sepsis: a review of pathophysiology","volume":"56","author":"Kelly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B23","volume-title":"Neue Untersuchungen \u00fcber die Entz\u00fcndung","author":"Cohnheim","year":"1873"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6952","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.11.6952","article-title":"Sepsis-induced apoptosis causes progressive profound depletion of B and CD4+ T lymphocytes in humans","volume":"166","author":"Hotchkiss","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199907000-00002","article-title":"Apoptotic cell death in patients with sepsis, shock, and multiple organ dysfunction","volume":"27","author":"Hotchkiss","year":"1999","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B26","first-page":"669","article-title":"Role of cytokines as a double-edged sword in sepsis","volume":"27","author":"Chaudhry","year":"2013","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.07.016","article-title":"A map of toll-like receptor expression in the intestinal epithelium reveals distinct spatial, cell type-specific, and temporal patterns","volume":"49","author":"Price","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B28","first-page":"147","article-title":"The effect of preoperative sleep quality on postoperative delirium in middle-aged and elderly patients: a clinical setting","volume":"36","author":"Ates","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Coll Physicians Surg Pak"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300060521990502","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060521990502","article-title":"Sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances in intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired delirium: a case-control study","volume":"49","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.12.020","article-title":"Assessment of sleep quality using cardiopulmonary coupling and its predictive value for delirium in ICU patients","volume":"126","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-024-05118-4","article-title":"Impact of sleep disturbances on outcomes in intensive care units","volume":"28","author":"Marchasson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1097\/DCC.0000000000000411","article-title":"Nighttime sleep duration is associated with length of stay outcomes among older adult survivors of critical illness","volume":"39","author":"El\u00edas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dimens Crit Care Nurs"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2018.08.028","article-title":"Association between death and loss of stage N2 sleep features among critically ill patients with delirium","volume":"48","author":"Knauert","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2023.12.001","article-title":"Patient-reported sleep and physical function during and after hospitalization","volume":"10","author":"Willinger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6102","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.19.6102","article-title":"Sleep-promoting effects of muramyl peptides","volume":"79","author":"Krueger","year":"1982","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B36","first-page":"R994","article-title":"Sleep-promoting effects of endogenous pyrogen (interleukin-1)","volume":"246","author":"Krueger","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(88)80004-6","article-title":"Biological basis of the behavior of sick animals","volume":"12","author":"Hart","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200107000-00002","article-title":"Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care","volume":"29","author":"Angus","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B39","first-page":"50","article-title":"Sleep deprivation after septic insult increases mortality independent of age","volume":"66","author":"Friese","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0117503","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117503","article-title":"Dynamics and correlation of serum cortisol and corticosterone under different physiological or stressful conditions in mice","volume":"10","author":"Gong","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B41","first-page":"618","article-title":"Circadian changes of T lymphocyte subsets in human peripheral blood","volume":"55","author":"Miyawaki","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4454","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.9.4454","article-title":"Effects of sleep and circadian rhythm on human circulating immune cells","volume":"158","author":"Born","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.10.007","article-title":"Circadian expression of migratory factors establishes lineage-specific signatures that guide the homing of leukocyte subsets to tissues","volume":"49","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05300.x","article-title":"Effects of sleep and circadian rhythm on the human immune system","volume":"1193","author":"Lange","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/30.4.401","article-title":"Number and function of circulating human antigen presenting cells regulated by sleep","volume":"30","author":"Dimitrov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1097\/00024382-200212000-00001","article-title":"Early circulating lymphocyte apoptosis in human septic shock is associated with poor outcome","volume":"18","author":"Le Tulzo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R220","DOI":"10.1186\/cc9354","article-title":"PD-L1 blockade improves survival in experimental sepsis by inhibiting lymphocyte apoptosis and reversing monocyte dysfunction","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R3","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13176","article-title":"Targeting the programmed cell death 1: programmed cell death ligand 1 pathway reverses T cell exhaustion in patients with sepsis","volume":"18","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.8.5894","article-title":"Circadian interleukin-6 secretion and quantity and depth of sleep","volume":"84","author":"Vgontzas","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B50","first-page":"3597","article-title":"Effects of sleep and sleep deprivation on interleukin-6, growth hormone, cortisol, and melatonin levels in humans","volume":"85","author":"Redwine","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI28508","article-title":"The IL-23\/IL-17 axis in inflammation","volume":"116","author":"Iwakura","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1250","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.1250","article-title":"Sleep loss potentiates Th17-cell pathogenicity and promotes autoimmune uveitis","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Transl Med"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12545","article-title":"Interleukin-23 (IL-23), independent of IL-17 and IL-22, drives neutrophil recruitment and innate inflammation during Clostridium difficile colitis in mice","volume":"147","author":"McDermott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001668","article-title":"Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 protects aged mice against sepsis by mitigating the IL-23\/IL-17A response","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a016295","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a016295","article-title":"IL-6 in inflammation, immunity, and disease","volume":"6","author":"Tanaka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.1.503","article-title":"Protective effects of IL-6 blockade in sepsis are linked to reduced C5a receptor expression","volume":"170","author":"Riedemann","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2751","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.5.2751-2757.2005","article-title":"Role of interleukin-6 in mortality from and physiologic response to sepsis","volume":"73","author":"Remick","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1097\/00024382-200606001-00036","article-title":"Six at six, the inflammatory response to sepsis","volume":"25","author":"Remick","year":"2006","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2013.06.011","article-title":"Interleukin-6 at discharge predicts all-cause mortality in patients with sepsis","volume":"31","author":"Naffaa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00792-3","article-title":"Death by TNF: a road to inflammation","volume":"23","author":"van Loo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1097\/MOH.0000000000000389","article-title":"The regulation and importance of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1","volume":"25","author":"Bianconi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Hematol"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.08.585","article-title":"Association between IL-10 and mortality in sepsis-induced ARDS","volume":"158","author":"L\u2019Heureux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-009-0003-0","article-title":"Serial cytokine levels in patients with severe sepsis","volume":"58","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inflamm Res"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.100247","article-title":"Clinical manifestations but not cytokine profiles differentiate adult-onset Still\u2019s disease and sepsis","volume":"37","author":"Rau","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED.172.2.190","article-title":"Immune cytokine response in combat casualties: blast or explosive trauma with or without secondary sepsis","volume":"172","author":"Surbatovic","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1086\/315214","article-title":"Pro-versus anti-inflammatory cytokine profile in patients with severe sepsis: a marker for prognosis and future therapeutic options","volume":"181","author":"Gogos","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4441","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.8.4441-4446.2002","article-title":"Interleukin-10 controls the onset of irreversible septic shock","volume":"70","author":"Latifi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9102145","article-title":"TNF production and release from microglia via extracellular vesicles: impact on brain functions","volume":"9","author":"Raffaele","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2023.109605","article-title":"Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles delivering TNF-\u03b1 promotes colorectal cancer metastasis via the NF-\u03baB\/LAMB3\/AKT axis by targeting SNAP23","volume":"741","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8973","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27190-x","article-title":"A system of cytokines encapsulated in extracellular vesicles","volume":"8","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5425.248","article-title":"HMG-1 as a late mediator of endotoxin lethality in mice","volume":"285","author":"Wang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2434651100","article-title":"Reversing established sepsis with antagonists of endogenous high-mobility group box 1","volume":"101","author":"Yang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R151","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11466","article-title":"Prognostic utility and characterization of cell-free DNA in patients with severe sepsis","volume":"16","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2018-0232OC","article-title":"Carbonic anhydrase inhibition ameliorates inflammation and experimental pulmonary hypertension","volume":"61","author":"Hudalla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026090710422261700_vkag130-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21407","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0906361106","article-title":"A circadian clock in macrophages controls inflammatory immune responses","volume":"106","author":"Keller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/215\/6\/vkag130\/68487683\/vkag130.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/215\/6\/vkag130\/68487683\/vkag130.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T14:42:40Z","timestamp":1788792160000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jimmun\/vkag130\/8703713"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jimmun\/vkag130","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1767","1550-6606"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1767","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-6606","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"article-number":"vkag130"}}