{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T17:11:29Z","timestamp":1783789889533,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI177594"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI177594"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI190146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI190146"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Success of B cell depletion therapy in multiple sclerosis (MS), an immune-mediated demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, places B cells and their functions center stage in efforts to fully understand pathogenesis. Historically, MS animal models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis have featured B cell\u2013independent disease driven by CD4 T cells activated against central nervous system myelin protein epitopes and have provided many insights into autoreactive T cell biology in the context of neuroinflammation and demyelination. Meanwhile, B cells\u2019 growing significance in MS necessitated the development of B cell\u2013dependent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis models, which have allowed for critical exploration into pathogenic B cell functions during immune-mediated demyelinating disease, including cytokine and antibody production, as well as antigen presentation to autoreactive CD4 T cells. These advances represent an important arena for investigating MS pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize the various approaches taken to engage pathogenic B cells in animal models of MS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jimmun\/vkag163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T16:12:20Z","timestamp":1783786340000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Modeling pathogenic B cell function in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"215","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6247-7937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohan","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5097-5434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Connor R","family":"Wilhelm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Experimental Pathology PhD Graduate Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3440-7848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander W","family":"Boyden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Experimental Pathology PhD Graduate Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520970841","article-title":"Rising prevalence of multiple sclerosis worldwide: insights from the atlas of ms, third edition","volume":"26","author":"Walton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8010120","article-title":"The diversity of encephalitogenic cd4+ t cells in multiple sclerosis and its animal models","volume":"8","author":"Segal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585231185258","article-title":"The familial risk and heritability of multiple sclerosis and its onset phenotypes: a case-control study","volume":"29","author":"Boles","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2021.11.009","article-title":"Genetics and familial distribution of multiple sclerosis: A review","volume":"178","author":"Balcerac","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj8222","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis reveals high prevalence of epstein-barr virus associated with multiple sclerosis","volume":"375","author":"Bjornevik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1029","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007035","article-title":"The prevalence of ms in the united states: a population-based estimate using health claims data","volume":"92","author":"Wallin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70041-9","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis genetics","volume":"13","author":"Sawcer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.1972.tb00060.x","article-title":"Hl-a antigens and multiple sclerosis","volume":"2","author":"Bertrams","year":"1972","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.1991.tb02029.x","article-title":"Hla class ii-associated genetic susceptibility in multiple sclerosis: A critical evaluation","volume":"38","author":"Olerup","year":"1991","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790884","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.790884","article-title":"Characterization of antigen-induced cd4+ t-cell senescence in multiple sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Tomas-Ojer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2789","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm214","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: T-cell receptor expression in distinct brain regions","volume":"130","author":"Junker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00619","article-title":"Cd8(+) t-cells as immune regulators of multiple sclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Sinha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30959-X","article-title":"Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: Progress and challenges","volume":"389","author":"Brownlee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2018.10.001","article-title":"Varicella-zoster virus in cerebrospinal fluid at relapses of multiple sclerosis is infective in vitro","volume":"49","author":"Hernandez-Gonzalez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200737784","article-title":"Clonally expanded plasma cells in the cerebrospinal fluid of ms patients produce myelin-specific antibodies","volume":"38","author":"von B\u00fcdingen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7864","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1522730113","article-title":"Distinct oligoclonal band antibodies in multiple sclerosis recognize ubiquitous self-proteins","volume":"113","author":"Br\u00e4ndle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2010.06.009","article-title":"The role of antibodies in multiple sclerosis","volume":"1812","author":"Weber","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1601277","article-title":"Ocrelizumab versus interferon beta-1a in relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"376","author":"Hauser","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1313.014","article-title":"Long-lived plasma cells and their contribution to autoimmunity","volume":"1050","author":"Hoyer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2010.99","article-title":"Changes in b- and t-lymphocyte and chemokine levels with rituximab treatment in multiple sclerosis","volume":"67","author":"Piccio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Neurol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001307","article-title":"Regulatory b cells (b10 cells) and regulatory t cells have independent roles in controlling experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis initiation and late-phase immunopathogenesis","volume":"185","author":"Matsushita","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12979","article-title":"Il-35-producing b cells are critical regulators of immunity during autoimmune and infectious diseases","volume":"507","author":"Shen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2011.08.019","article-title":"Reduction in il-10 producing b cells (breg) in multiple sclerosis is accompanied by a reduced naive\/memory breg ratio during a relapse but not in remission","volume":"239","author":"Knippenberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01302.x","article-title":"Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) as a model for multiple sclerosis (ms)","volume":"164","author":"Constantinescu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15.1.1","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142735.im1501s88","article-title":"Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the mouse","volume":"88","author":"Miller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Immunol"},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.02165","article-title":"Gene expression in spontaneous experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is linked to human multiple sclerosis risk genes","volume":"11","author":"Faber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-1212-4_17","article-title":"Induction of passive eae using myelin-reactive cd4+ t cells","volume":"1193","author":"McPherson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(83)90001-2","article-title":"Immunoglobulin-deficient rats fail to develop experimental allergic encephalomyelitis","volume":"5","author":"Willenborg","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(86)90111-6","article-title":"Immunoglobulin deficient rats as donors and recipients of effector cells of allergic encephalomyelitis","volume":"11","author":"Willenborg","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2021.577582","article-title":"Modeling compartmentalized chronic immune-mediated demyelinating cns disease in the biozzi abh mouse","volume":"356","author":"Nishri","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-023-01614-w","article-title":"Bruton\u2019s tyrosine kinase inhibition reduces disease severity in a model of secondary progressive autoimmune demyelination","volume":"11","author":"Evonuk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20130699","article-title":"Mhc class ii-dependent b cell apc function is required for induction of cns autoimmunity independent of myelin-specific antibodies","volume":"210","author":"Molnarfi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3432","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4141(199911)29:11<3432::AID-IMMU3432>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"B cells are critical to induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by protein but not by a short encephalitogenic peptide","volume":"29","author":"Lyons","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2008.04.025","article-title":"B cells limit epitope spreading and reduce severity of eae induced with plp peptide in balb\/c mice","volume":"31","author":"Lyons","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Autoimmun."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200207)32:7<1905::AID-IMMU1905>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Critical role of antigen-specific antibody in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced by recombinant myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein","volume":"32","author":"Lyons","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17103","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017103","article-title":"Rituximab therapy reduces organ-specific t cell responses and ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"6","author":"Monson","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7119","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.12.7119","article-title":"T cell epitopes of human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein identified in hla-dr4 (drb1*0401) transgenic mice are encephalitogenic and are presented by human b cells","volume":"167","author":"Forsthuber","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3990","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001393","article-title":"Late b cell depletion with a human anti-human cd20 igg1kappa monoclonal antibody halts the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in marmosets","volume":"185","author":"Kap","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3182622691","article-title":"B-cell depletion abrogates t cell-mediated demyelination in an antibody-nondependent common marmoset experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model","volume":"71","author":"Jagessar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17206","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.304246","article-title":"Autoantigen conformation influences both b- and t-cell responses and encephalitogenicity","volume":"287","author":"de Graaf","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3323","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1519608113","article-title":"Autoantibody-boosted t-cell reactivation in the target organ triggers manifestation of autoimmune cns disease","volume":"113","author":"Flach","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.4049\/immunohorizons.2400069","article-title":"B cells influence encephalitogenic t cell frequency to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (mog)38-49 during full-length mog protein-induced demyelinating disease","volume":"8","author":"Faust","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunohorizons"},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.1.462","article-title":"Rat and human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoproteins induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by different mechanisms in c57bl\/6 mice","volume":"171","author":"Oliver","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1715","article-title":"Differential regulation of central nervous system autoimmunity by t(h)1 and t(h)17 cells","volume":"14","author":"Stromnes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302171","article-title":"B cells promote induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by facilitating reactivation of t cells in the central nervous system","volume":"192","author":"Pierson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI3022","article-title":"Mhc haplotype-dependent regulation of mog-induced eae in rats","volume":"102","author":"Weissert","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7588","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.12.7588","article-title":"Mhc class ii-regulated central nervous system autoaggression and t cell responses in peripheral lymphoid tissues are dissociated in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"166","author":"Weissert","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2966","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118368","article-title":"Antibody facilitation of multiple sclerosis-like lesions in a nonhuman primate","volume":"96","author":"Genain","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22081","article-title":"B-cell activation influences t-cell polarization and outcome of anti-cd20 b-cell depletion in central nervous system autoimmunity","volume":"68","author":"Weber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-020-02204-z","article-title":"Inhibition of Bruton\u2019s tyrosine kinase interferes with pathogenic b-cell development in inflammatory CNS demyelinating disease","volume":"140","author":"Torke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B51","article-title":"Icam1+ neutrophils promote chronic inflammation via asprv1 in b cell-dependent autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"2","author":"Whittaker Hawkins","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2014.12.008","article-title":"B cell recognition of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein autoantigen depends on immunization with protein rather than short peptide, while b cell invasion of the cns in autoimmunity does not","volume":"278","author":"Dang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2011.03.009","article-title":"Myelin-reactive antibodies mediate the pathology of mbp-plp fusion protein mp4-induced eae","volume":"140","author":"Kuerten","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Immunol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6864","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186864","article-title":"Obinutuzumab-induced b cell depletion reduces spinal cord pathology in a cd20 double transgenic mouse model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Breakell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118954","article-title":"Treatment of experimental encephalomyelitis with a novel chimeric fusion protein of myelin basic protein and proteolipid protein","volume":"98","author":"Elliott","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(92)90188-Q","article-title":"Synergy between encephalitogenic t cells and myelin basic protein-specific antibodies in the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"41","author":"Myers","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5011","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61928-w","article-title":"Novel b cell-dependent multiple sclerosis model using extracellular domains of myelin proteolipid protein","volume":"10","author":"Boyden","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2200721","article-title":"Proteolipid protein-induced mouse model of multiple sclerosis requires b cell-mediated antigen presentation","volume":"211","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI28330","article-title":"Spontaneous opticospinal encephalomyelitis in a double-transgenic mouse model of autoimmune t cell\/b cell cooperation","volume":"116","author":"Krishnamoorthy","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12220","article-title":"Natalizumab analogon therapy is effective in a b cell-dependent multiple sclerosis model","volume":"41","author":"H\u00e4usler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropathology Appl Neurobiol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20090299","article-title":"Spontaneous relapsing-remitting eae in the sjl\/j mouse: Mog-reactive transgenic t cells recruit endogenous mog-specific b cells","volume":"206","author":"Pollinger","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755900","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.755900","article-title":"A spontaneous model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis provides evidence of mog-specific b cell recruitment and clonal expansion","volume":"13","author":"Salvador","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.1.169","article-title":"B lymphocytes producing demyelinating autoantibodies: Development and function in gene-targeted transgenic mice","volume":"188","author":"Litzenburger","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5404","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49259-0","article-title":"Myelin-reactive b cells exacerbate cd4(+) t cell-driven cns autoimmunity in an il-23-dependent manner","volume":"15","author":"Fazazi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5077","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1402236","article-title":"B cell antigen presentation is sufficient to drive neuroinflammation in an animal model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"194","author":"Parker Harp","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1201598","article-title":"Cutting edge: Conditional mhc class ii expression reveals a limited role for b cell antigen presentation in primary and secondary cd4 t cell responses","volume":"191","author":"Archambault","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9595","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504131102","article-title":"Differential induction of ige-mediated anaphylaxis after soluble vs. Cell-bound tolerogenic peptide therapy of autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"102","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B68","first-page":"51275","article-title":"Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (mog35-55) induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) in c57bl\/6 mice","volume":"86","author":"Bittner","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vis Exp."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1006\/jaut.2000.0371","article-title":"Relapsing and remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in b cell deficient mice","volume":"14","author":"Dittel","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Autoimmun."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B70","first-page":"3420","article-title":"Regulatory b cells inhibit eae initiation in mice while other b cells promote disease progression","volume":"118","author":"Matsushita","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-2494(99)80007-8","article-title":"Cytokines and antibodies in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis","volume":"149","author":"Hjelmstrom","year":"1998","journal-title":"Res Immunol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20111675","article-title":"B cell depletion therapy ameliorates autoimmune disease through ablation of il-6-producing b cells","volume":"209","author":"Barr","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2000.tb00272.x","article-title":"Antibody association with a novel model for primary progressive multiple sclerosis: Induction of relapsing-remitting and progressive forms of eae in h2s mouse strains","volume":"10","author":"Tsunoda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2018.02.002","article-title":"A sensitive and selective elisa methodology quantifies a demyelination marker in experimental and clinical samples","volume":"455","author":"Remacle","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3174","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0902881","article-title":"Substrain differences reveal novel disease-modifying gene candidates that alter the clinical course of a rodent model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"184","author":"deLuca","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12233","article-title":"Anti-myelin antibodies play an important role in the susceptibility to develop proteolipid protein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"175","author":"Marin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.2.670","article-title":"Pathologic role and temporal appearance of newly emerging autoepitopes in relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"164","author":"Vanderlugt","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00092","article-title":"Early bcr events and antigen capture, processing, and loading on mhc class ii on b cells","volume":"5","author":"Avalos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2008.05.034","article-title":"An experimental model of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis that shows regional variation in gliosis, remyelination, axonal and neuronal loss","volume":"201-202","author":"Hampton","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2017.03.013","article-title":"Depletion of cd20 b cells fails to inhibit relapsing mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"14","author":"Sefia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2008.08.018","article-title":"The effects of il-6 on cd4 t cell responses","volume":"130","author":"Dienz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Immunol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13992","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504979102","article-title":"Pathogenic myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies recognize glycosylated epitopes and perturb oligodendrocyte physiology","volume":"102","author":"Marta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2004.tb00049.x","article-title":"Detection of ectopic b-cell follicles with germinal centers in the meninges of patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Serafini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.146.5.1490","article-title":"T and b cell responses to myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in multiple sclerosis","volume":"146","author":"Sun","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(91)90014-X","article-title":"Antibodies to myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with multiple sclerosis and controls","volume":"31","author":"Xiao","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2602","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116875","article-title":"Reactivity to myelin antigens in multiple sclerosis. Peripheral blood lymphocytes respond predominantly to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein","volume":"92","author":"Kerlero de Rosbo","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830271144","article-title":"Predominance of the autoimmune response to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (mog) in multiple sclerosis: Reactivity to the extracellular domain of mog is directed against three main regions","volume":"27","author":"Kerlero de Rosbo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001543","article-title":"Increased frequencies of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein\/mhc class ii-binding cd4 cells in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"187","author":"Raddassi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01891","article-title":"Correlation between anti-myelin proteolipid protein (plp) antibodies and disease severity in multiple sclerosis patients with plp response-permissive hla types","volume":"11","author":"Greer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830210620","article-title":"Autoreactive t and b cells responding to myelin proteolipid protein in multiple sclerosis and controls","volume":"21","author":"Sun","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513485653","article-title":"Serum autoantibodies to myelin peptides distinguish acute disseminated encephalomyelitis from relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Van Haren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult Scler."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2008.04.018","article-title":"Myelin proteolipid protein: An effective autoantigen and target of autoimmunity in multiple sclerosis","volume":"31","author":"Greer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Autoimmun."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00125-2","article-title":"Function of tetraspan proteins in the myelin sheath","volume":"10","author":"Bronstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137998","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1137998","article-title":"Pathophysiology of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease","volume":"14","author":"Corbali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22591","article-title":"Insertion of proteolipid protein into oligodendrocyte mitochondria regulates extracellular ph and adenosine triphosphate","volume":"62","author":"Appikatla","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glia."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2023.103065","article-title":"Citrullinated human and murine mog(35-55) display distinct biophysical and biochemical behavior","volume":"299","author":"Doelman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2011.02.008","article-title":"Memory cells specific for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (mog) govern the transfer of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"234","author":"Williams","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1038\/ni833","article-title":"B cells regulate autoimmunity by provision of il-10","volume":"3","author":"Fillatreau","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Immunol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3447","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.6.3447","article-title":"B cell regulation of cd4+cd25+ t regulatory cells and il-10 via b7 is essential for recovery from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"178","author":"Mann","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.184.6.2271","article-title":"Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induction in genetically b cell-deficient mice","volume":"184","author":"Wolf","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817238","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/817238","article-title":"Risk factors associated with the onset of relapsing-remitting and primary progressive multiple sclerosis: a systematic review","volume":"2015","author":"McKay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.149.3.783","article-title":"Identification and characterization of a second encephalitogenic determinant of myelin proteolipid protein (residues 178-191) for sjl mice","volume":"149","author":"Greer","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/64.5.371","article-title":"Spread of t lymphocyte immune responses to myelin epitopes with duration of multiple sclerosis","volume":"64","author":"Davies","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001066","article-title":"Epitope spreading as an early pathogenic event in pediatric multiple sclerosis","volume":"83","author":"Quintana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI164141","article-title":"Falling down the biological rabbit hole: Epstein-barr virus, biography, and multiple sclerosis","volume":"132","author":"Horwitz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858583","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.858583","article-title":"Influence of type i interferons in gammaherpesvirus-68 and its influence on eae enhancement","volume":"13","author":"Marquez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09378-0","article-title":"Ebv induces cns homing of b cells attracting inflammatory t cells","volume":"646","author":"L\u00e4derach","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-025-01482-5","article-title":"Epstein-barr virus and multiple sclerosis: Lesson learned to develop better nonhuman primate models","volume":"57","author":"Nguyen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med."},{"key":"2026071112121901400_vkag163-B109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285612474333","article-title":"Targeting b cells in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: recent advances and remaining challenges","volume":"6","author":"Lehmann-Horn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/215\/7\/vkag163\/68759858\/vkag163.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/215\/7\/vkag163\/68759858\/vkag163.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T16:12:34Z","timestamp":1783786354000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jimmun\/vkag163\/8732616"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jimmun\/vkag163","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1767","1550-6606"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1767","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-6606","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"article-number":"vkag163"}}