{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:35:55Z","timestamp":1787236555407,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"United States National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1855747"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1855747"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007108","name":"George Washington University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The complex and sophisticated sea urchin innate immune system relies on conserved immune receptor and effector molecules plus the euechinoid-specific Transformer family. Native SpTransformer (natSpTrf) proteins in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus respond to immune challenge by augmenting phagocytosis of microbes. These proteins show significant sequence diversity both within and among sea urchins with the predicted benefit of host protection through the recognition of a broad range of pathogens. Prior reports show that 6 recombinant (r)SpTrf proteins from insect cells induce phagocytosis when cross-linked to inert beads. Soluble rSpTrf proteins bind phagocytes, which respond by downregulating expression of the SpTrf gene family and SpIL17-9. Here we extend this analysis to determine the rSpTrf protein binding targets and find that they fail to bind pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and bacteria. Similarly, Ni-isolated natSpTrf proteins also fail to bind the same PAMPs. The insect cells add posttranslational modifications to the rSpTrf proteins that impart protein stability and impact predicted structure. Together with prior results, our findings suggest a working hypothesis for the natSpTrf proteins in vivo in which disordered natSpTrf proteins bind to pathogens, transform to secondary structure, and augment phagocytosis leading to pathogen clearance. Upon pathogen clearance, unbound natSpTrf proteins transform, multimerize, and bind to phagocytes. The cellular response adjusts expression of the SpTrf genes and SpIL17-9 to the threat level. This hypothesis suggests that the natSpTrf proteins participate in immune responses to foreign challenge but also function in immune resolution after pathogen clearance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jimmun\/vkag213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T13:50:42Z","timestamp":1787233842000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Recombinant SpTrf proteins illustrate putative functions of native SpTrf proteins: from immune response to resolution in sea urchins"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"215","author":[{"given":"Ryley S","family":"Crow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University , Washington, DC,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Grubb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, George Washington University , Washington, DC,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3348-0242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph W","family":"Meisel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, George Washington University , Washington, DC,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7099-7852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L Courtney","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University , Washington, DC,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026082009503636300_vkag213-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1134301","article-title":"Genomic insights into the immune system of the sea urchin","volume":"314","author":"Rast","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026082009503636300_vkag213-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2006.08.065","article-title":"The immune gene repertoire encoded in the purple sea urchin genome","volume":"300","author":"Hibino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"2026082009503636300_vkag213-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00136","article-title":"Dynamic evolution of Toll-like receptor multigene families in echinoderms","volume":"3","author":"Buckley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026082009503636300_vkag213-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2014.10.013","article-title":"Diversity of animal immune receptors and the origins of recognition complexity in the deuterstomes","volume":"49","author":"Buckley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"2026082009503636300_vkag213-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/iji.12424","article-title":"Evolutionary conserved pathway of the innate immune response after a viral insult in Paracentrotus lividus sea urchin","volume":"46","author":"Chiaramonte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Immunogenet"},{"key":"2026082009503636300_vkag213-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2100754","article-title":"Immunological diversity is a cornerstone of organismal defense and allorecognition across metazoa","volume":"208","author":"Buckley","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026082009503636300_vkag213-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ftad025","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftad025","article-title":"Bald sea urchin disease shifts the surface microbiome on purple sea urchins in an aquarium","volume":"81","author":"Shaw","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathog Dis."},{"key":"2026082009503636300_vkag213-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-03161-9","article-title":"Spotting disease disrupts the microbiome of infected purple sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus","volume":"24","author":"Shaw","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"2026082009503636300_vkag213-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20230077","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2023.0077","article-title":"More than a colour; 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