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We address this limitation by engineering a chemically functionalized protein nanoparticle vaccine capable of eliciting protective nanomolar affinity antiglycan antibodies and long-term humoral memory. This platform incorporates a combination of two B cell\u2013focused adjuvants, a TLR7 agonist and a natural killer T cell agonist, in order to enhance the antiglycan antibody maturation and memory formation. To define the contributions of each pathway, the antiglycan responses were evaluated at early and late time points following immunization. Although mice deficient in both TLR7 and natural killer T cell signaling revealed diminished primary immunization responses, an unexpectedly robust antiglycan antibody titer still developed and persisted for at least 1 yr after a two-dose immunization. These results indicate that durable antiglycan humoral immunity can develop independent of the chosen adjuvant pathways and may be driven by intrinsic adjuvanticity of the recombinant bacteriophage nanoparticle. Mechanistically, this effect was associated with an inflammatory response in which IFN\u03b3 and IL-1\u03b1 appeared to play important roles. Together, these findings identify a previously unappreciated component contributing to long-term antiglycan immunity and support the use of bacteriophage-derived nanoparticles as platforms for vaccines against emerging antibiotic-resistant microorganisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jimmun\/vkag252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T21:57:22Z","timestamp":1790373442000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Q\u03b2 bacteriophage nanoparticle contributes to the adjuvanticity of antiglycan vaccines through a unique inflammatory pathway"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"215","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3772-3160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenna","family":"Nagy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research , La Jolla, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffery","family":"Noble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, GA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenglou","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University , Provo, UT,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Hincapie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, GA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Costanzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research , La Jolla, CA,","place":["United 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