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Defining the immune mechanisms underlying vaccine-induced protection is therefore critical. We previously demonstrated that in mice vaccinated with CTH522\/CAF01, genital tract Th17 cells correlated with protection against both infection and pathology. In this study, we further characterized these vaccine-induced Th17 cells in an infected genital tract. Fate-mapping and single-cell transcriptomic analyses revealed that CTH522\/CAF01 vaccination generated multiple Th17-derived subsets, including a large memory-like population as well as effector Th17 and Th17-derived Th1-like subsets. These subsets shared common TCR clonotypes, and RNA velocity analyses predicted a unified differentiation trajectory, with one precursor population seeding both effector lineages. Our findings demonstrate a high degree of plasticity within the Th17 population and reveals previously uncharacterized Th17 subsets present during infection with C. trachomatis. Functional studies demonstrated that the Th17 subset that produced IL-17A was essential for early bacterial control, whereas IFN-\u03b3\u2013producing Th1 cells and Th17-derived Th1-like cells were not. Collectively, our findings provide mechanistic insight into Th17 biology and redefine the importance of IL-17A producing Th17 cells in early vaccine-mediated protection against C. trachomatis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jimmun\/vkag265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T23:58:21Z","timestamp":1790899101000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["CTH522\/CAF01 vaccination elicits clonally related Th17 subsets that mediate IL-17A\u2013dependent protection against\n                    <i>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"215","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7657-0403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina Dieu Nhien Tran","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, 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