{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T19:31:45Z","timestamp":1793302305707,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>CTLA-4 is an inhibitory receptor on T cells that limits immune activation by competing with the co-stimulatory receptor CD28 for binding to CD80 and CD86 on antigen-presenting cells. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) employ CTLA-4\u2013mediated transendocytosis as a key suppressive mechanism. Several CTLA4 polymorphisms are associated with autoimmune disease risk and may modulate CTLA-4 expression and function. Here, we analyzed samples from 155 genotyped subjects using flow cytometry and functional assays to determine how haplotypes formed by 3 CTLA4 single-nucleotide polymorphisms shape T-cell phenotype and function ex vivo. The autoimmune-protective CTLA4 rs5742909-rs231775-rs3087243 CAA haplotype was linked to increased intracellular CTLA-4 expression in both Tregs and conventional CD4+ T cells compared with CGG, CAG, and TAG haplotypes, implicating rs3087243 as the likely causal variant. The CAA haplotype was also associated with increased Treg frequencies. In Tregs from CAA\/CAA subjects, elevated steady-state CTLA-4 expression promoted enhanced early CTLA-4 surface mobilization following anti-CD3\/anti-CD28 stimulation. Moreover, na\u00efve Tregs from CAA\/CAA subjects more effectively suppressed na\u00efve CD4+ T-cell proliferation in the presence of CD80\/CD86-expressing dendritic cells. Collectively, these findings indicate that the rs3087243-A\u2013linked CAA haplotype is associated with increased CTLA-4 expression and enhanced Treg function, providing a mechanistic explanation for its protective association with autoimmunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jimmun\/vkag276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T16:40:39Z","timestamp":1792168839000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>CTLA4<\/i>\n                    rs3087243-A\u2013linked haplotype is associated with increased CTLA-4 expression and suppressive function in human regulatory T cells"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"215","author":[{"given":"Lucas","family":"Nyg\u00e5rd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio,","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku , Turku,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antti-Pekka","family":"Laine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku , Turku,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Jartti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku , Turku,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna-Mari","family":"Schroderus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viola","family":"Pitk\u00e4nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laur\u00e8ne","family":"Pfajfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0474-0033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikael","family":"Knip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki , Helsinki,","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"Pediatric Research Center, New Children\u2019s Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki,","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University Hospital , Tampere,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6557-270X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riitta","family":"Veijola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu , Oulu,","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital , Oulu,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorma","family":"Ilonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku , Turku,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorma","family":"Toppari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Population Health Research, and InFLAMES Research Flagship Centre, University of Turku , Turku,","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital , Turku,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Lempainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku , Turku,","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Population Health Research, and InFLAMES Research Flagship Centre, University of Turku , Turku,","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital , Turku,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1595-5371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tuure","family":"Kinnunen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland 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