{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T16:51:00Z","timestamp":1788022260482,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Unraveling the numerous factors that drive phenotypic variation in trait expression among animals has long presented a significant challenge. Whereas traits like growth and adult size are often heritable and are passed on from one generation to the next, these can be significantly affected by the quality and quantity of resources provided by one or both parents to their offspring. In many vertebrates, such as birds and mammals, parents raise their young until adult, providing food, shelter, and protection. On the other hand, in insects, there is often little or no parental care, and the young are left to fend for themselves. Despite that, some insects can enhance the growth of their offspring. In parasitoid wasps, for example, mothers inject biochemical factors, including venoms, teratocytes, and virus-like particles into the host that increase host quality by regulating the nutritional milieu. However, it is not known whether maternal size is positively correlated with host regulation. Here, we evaluate maternal and host size-related effects on the development of an asexually reproducing (=\u2005female only) secondary idiobiont ectoparasitoid, Gelis agilis on pre-pupae in cocoons of its host, the primary parasitoid, Cotesia glomerata. Females G. agilis from 2 adult size classes, \u201csmall\u201d (mean 0.7\u00a0mg) or \u201clarge\u201d (mean 1.2\u00a0mg), were allowed to parasitize cocoons of differing size along a continuum from ~1.2\u00a0mg to ~4.0\u00a0mg, and the body size and development time of their offspring were measured. In both body size classes of G. agilis mothers, there was a strong correlation between host size and offspring size. However, there was no effect of adult G. agilis size on this parameter: for a given host size, the size of G. agilis offspring did not differ between small and large mothers. Our results reveal that host quality is mostly pre-determined, irrespective of maternal size.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jisesa\/ieaf004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T15:07:26Z","timestamp":1737644846000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Host size overrides maternal effects on the development of a secondary hyperparasitoid wasp"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0661-7604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianhui","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology , Wageningen,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research , Wageningen,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6839-8225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rieta","family":"Gols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research , Wageningen,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jetske G","family":"de Boer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology , Wageningen,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Aeres University of Applied Sciences , Wageningen,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey A","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology , Wageningen,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Ecological Science, Section Animal Ecology, VU University Amsterdam , Amsterdam,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2019.06.022","article-title":"Bioinformatic analysis suggests potential mechanisms underlying parasitoid venom evolution and function","volume":"112","author":"Alvarado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-120709-144849","article-title":"Venom proteins from endoparasitoid wasps and their role in host-parasite interactions","volume":"56","author":"Asgari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199692576.003.0004","article-title":"Patterns of parental care in vertebrates","volume-title":"The evolution of parental care","author":"Balshine","year":"2012"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.2307\/3545073","article-title":"The allometry of egg size and number in insects","volume":"60","author":"Berrigan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/eea.12646","article-title":"Size matters in insects \u2013 an introduction","volume":"166","author":"Beukeboom","year":"2018","journal-title":"Entomol. Exp. Appl"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.49.061703.153618","article-title":"Functional ecology of immature parasitoids","volume":"49","author":"Brodeur","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/289027a0","article-title":"Sex ratio evolution in a variable environment","volume":"289","author":"Charnov","year":"1981","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2009.00097.x","article-title":"Body size variation in insects: a macroecological perspective","volume":"85","author":"Chown","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1302-4","article-title":"Insect egg size and shape evolve with ecology but not developmental rate","volume":"571","author":"Church","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691206981","volume-title":"The evolution of parental care","author":"Clutton-Brock","year":"1991"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2005.3458","article-title":"Prevalence of different modes of parental care in birds","volume":"273","author":"Cockburn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins2040494","article-title":"Venom proteins of the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis: recent discovery of an untapped pharmacopee","volume":"2","author":"Danneels","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00333946","article-title":"Larval host plant affects fitness consequences of egg size variation in the seed beetle Stator limbatus","volume":"107","author":"Fox","year":"1996","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1086\/653661","article-title":"Parental care trade-offs and life-history relationships in insects","volume":"176","author":"Gilbert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. Naturalist"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691207025","volume-title":"Parasitoids: behavioral and evolutionary ecology","author":"Godfray","year":"1994"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.3.1097","article-title":"Shifts in the life history of parasitic wasps correlate with pronounced alterations in early development","volume":"95","author":"Grbi\u0107","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2009.01433.x","article-title":"A meta-analysis of preference\u2013performance relationships in phytophagous insects","volume":"13","author":"Gripenberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.38.010193.001343","article-title":"Insect behavioral and morphological defenses against parasitoids","volume":"38","author":"Gross","year":"1993","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1086\/431023","article-title":"The evolution of parental care","volume":"80","author":"Gross","year":"2005","journal-title":"Q Rev. Biol"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1163\/156853988x00386","article-title":"Maternal food-supply activity and its regulation in Coelotes terrestris (Araneae, Agelenidae)","volume":"107","author":"Gundermann","year":"1988","journal-title":"Behaviour"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2311.2000.00265.x","article-title":"Dynamic effects of parasitism by an endoparasitoid wasp on the development of two host species: implications for host quality and parasitoid fitness","volume":"25","author":"Harvey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ecol. Entomol"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1570-7458.2005.00348.x","article-title":"Factors affecting the evolution of development strategies in parasitoid wasps: the importance of functional constraints and incorporating complexity","volume":"117","author":"Harvey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Entomol. Exp. Appl"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s10682-007-9164-x","article-title":"Comparing and contrasting development and reproductive strategies in the pupal hyperparasitoids Lysibia nana and Gelis agilis (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)","volume":"22","author":"Harvey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Evol. Ecol"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/eea.12426","article-title":"Nutritional integration between insect hosts and koinobiont parasitoids in an evolutionary framework","volume":"159","author":"Harvey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Entomol. Exp. Appl"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2012.03.002","article-title":"The effect of different dietary sugars and honey on longevity and fecundity in two hyperparasitoid wasps","volume":"58","author":"Harvey","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Insect Physiol"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/een.12165","article-title":"Host preference and offspring performance are linked in three congeneric hyperparasitoid species: preference-performance in three hyperparasitoids","volume":"40","author":"Harvey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Entomol"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-018-0989-2","article-title":"Ant-like traits in wingless parasitoids repel attack from wolf spiders","volume":"44","author":"Harvey","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s10905-019-09730-z","article-title":"Reproduction and offspring sex ratios differ markedly among closely related hyperparasitoids living in the same microhabitats","volume":"32","author":"Harvey","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Insect Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2656.2001.00507.x","article-title":"Life-history strategies in parasitoid wasps: a comparative analysis of \u2018ovigeny\u2019","volume":"70","author":"Jervis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Ecology"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185x.1986.tb00660.x","article-title":"Host-feeding strategies in hymenopteran parasitoids","volume":"61","author":"Jervis","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biol. Rev"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.53.103106.093433","article-title":"Resource acquisition, allocation, and utilization in parasitoid reproductive strategies","volume":"53","author":"Jervis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-23880-2_2","article-title":"The life-cycle","volume-title":"Jervis\u2019s insects as natural enemies: practical perspectives","author":"Jervis","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0310.2000.00585.x","article-title":"Functional Value of Matriphagy in the Spider Amaurobius ferox","volume":"106","author":"Kim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ethology"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-011613-161945","article-title":"Behavioral assays for studies of host plant choice and adaptation in herbivorous insects","volume":"59","author":"Knolhoff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182000084924","article-title":"The coevolution of host resistance and parasitoid virulence","volume":"116","author":"Kraaijeveld","year":"1998","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/s0020-7322(97)00033-0","article-title":"Host body size as a factor determining the egg complement of Strepsiptera, an insect parasite","volume":"27","author":"Maeta","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Insect Morphol. Embryol"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8043","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08043","article-title":"Multi-trait mimicry of ants by a parasitoid wasp","volume":"5","author":"Malcicka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2011.02405.x","article-title":"Heritable variation in an extended phenotype: the case of a parasitoid manipulated by a virus","volume":"25","author":"Martinez","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Evol. Biol"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins7072385","article-title":"Venom proteins from parasitoid wasps and their biological functions","volume":"7","author":"Moreau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-014-0697-z","article-title":"Parasitoid venom induces metabolic cascades in fly hosts","volume":"11","author":"Mrinalini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0039","first-page":"37","article-title":"Regulation of the host nutritional milieu by ecto-and endoparasitoid venom","author":"Nakamatsu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Recent advances in the Biochemistry, Toxicity, and Mode of Action of Parasitic Wasp Venoms"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-071421-073524","article-title":"Extrinsic inter-and intraspecific competition in parasitoid wasps","volume":"67","author":"Ode","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.hdy.6800076","article-title":"Inheritance of an oviposition behavior by an egg parasitoid","volume":"88","author":"Olson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.51.110104.151029","article-title":"Evolution of developmental strategies in parasitic Hymenoptera","volume":"51","author":"Pennacchio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.2307\/1935729","article-title":"Parasitiods utilizing the same host: adaptive nature of differences in size and form","volume":"53","author":"Price","year":"1972","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/arch.21107","article-title":"Venom of the ectoparasitoid, nasonia vitripennis, influences gene expression in musca domestica hemocytes","volume":"83","author":"Qian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Insect. Biochem. Physiol"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02372684","article-title":"Egg contents in relation to host-feeding in some parasitic hymenoptera","volume":"40","author":"Ralec","year":"1995","journal-title":"Entomophaga"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s10682-022-10171-y","article-title":"The contribution of maternal and paternal body size to offspring early adulthood life histories in a parasitoid wasp, Lysiphlebus fabarum","volume":"36","author":"Rasekh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evol. Ecol"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0060","author":"R Core Team","year":"2024","journal-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1006\/jipa.1995.1071","article-title":"Venom-induced alterations in fly lipid metabolism and its impact on larval development of the ectoparasitoid Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)","volume":"66","author":"Rivers","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Invertebr. Pathol"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20132180","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.2180","article-title":"Offspring dynamics affect food provisioning, growth and mortality in a brood-caring spider","volume":"281","author":"Ruch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-016-2924-7","article-title":"The venom gland transcriptome of the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis highlights the importance of novel genes in venom function","volume":"17","author":"Sim","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s10164-005-0145-7","article-title":"Matriphagy in the hump earwig, Anechura harmandi (Dermaptera: Forficulidae), increases the survival rates of the offspring","volume":"23","author":"Suzuki","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Ethol"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s101640170001","article-title":"Adaptive advantages of matriphagy in the foliage spider, Chiracanthium japonicum (Araneae: Clubionidae)","volume":"19","author":"Toyama","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Ethol"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s10682-016-9819-6","article-title":"Divergent life history strategies in congeneric hyperparasitoids","volume":"30","author":"Visser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Evol. Ecol"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e45915","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045915","article-title":"Intra-population genetic variation in the temporal pattern of egg maturation in a parasitoid wasp. Mills NJ, editor","volume":"7","author":"Wajnberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1603\/EN11018","article-title":"Temperature influences the handling efficiency of an aphid parasitoid through body size-mediated effects","volume":"40","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025012315071733800_CIT0055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12060","article-title":"Maternal care and subsocial behaviour in spiders","volume":"89","author":"Yip","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc"}],"container-title":["Journal of Insect Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jinsectscience\/article-pdf\/25\/1\/3\/61583107\/ieaf004.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jinsectscience\/article-pdf\/25\/1\/3\/61583107\/ieaf004.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T15:07:31Z","timestamp":1737644851000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jinsectscience\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jisesa\/ieaf004\/7976491"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Luc","family":"Bussiere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jisesa\/ieaf004","relation":{},"ISSN":["1536-2442"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1536-2442","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"article-number":"3"}}