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Applying OA as a vapor inside honey bee colonies has been gaining popularity among beekeepers. We conducted a 2-year field study to evaluate the effectiveness of OA in controlling Varroa and assess the potential negative impacts of OA on honey bee larval development. Different doses of OA (1, 2, and 4\u2009g in 2021; 3 and 4\u2009g in 2022) were applied once a week over 3 wks in August at Oregon State University\u2019s apiary in Corvallis, OR. Each experimental group included 8 honey bee colonies, with control groups receiving no OA. The Varroa levels in colonies treated with 1\u2009g OA (the current label dose in the US) and 2\u2009g OA were not significantly different from each other and the control group. In both years, 4\u2009g OA effectively suppressed the Varroa population growth but also appeared detrimental to the honey bee larval development. Our findings suggest that while the legally permissible dose of 1\u2009g OA per brood chamber in the United States is insufficient for effective Varroa control, higher doses (3 and 4\u2009g) can significantly suppress Varroa population growth but may also increase larval mortality, highlighting a trade-off between Varroa control and colony health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jisesa\/ieaf091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T11:57:38Z","timestamp":1759406258000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Oxalic acid vaporization: effectiveness against\n                    <i>Varroa destructor<\/i>\n                    (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) and safety for\n                    <i>Apis mellifera<\/i>\n                    (Hymenoptera: Apidae)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Bozkus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University , Corvallis, OR,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2879-3427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolyn","family":"Breece","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University , Corvallis, OR,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4408-3756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University , Corvallis, OR,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2215-517X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathalie A","family":"Steinhauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University , Corvallis, OR,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7196-9132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramesh R","family":"Sagili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University , Corvallis, OR,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025112211160854700_ieaf091-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-51514-9","article-title":"Prevalence and distribution of Varroa destructor and Nosema spp. in symptomatic honey bee colonies across the USA from 2015 to 2022","volume":"14","author":"Abban","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. 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