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Such exposure may have favored adaptations that enable terrestrial lepidopteran larvae to survive underwater for short periods. Using a combination of personal and crowd-sourced observations, we document a striking diversity of behaviors displayed by Lepidoptera (32 species across 16 families) when suddenly exposed to water. This includes swimming, which we observed in 4 lepidopteran families. We developed a behavioral ontology comprising 9 distinct behaviors and 5 non-directional behaviors, each observed on the water surface. Our study highlights a largely overlooked dimension of Lepidoptera biology and establishes a framework for future research on the significance of this behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jisesa\/ieag100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T12:02:25Z","timestamp":1789473745000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diversity of swimming behavior in larval Lepidoptera"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2888-2709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Chung-Te","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6495-1759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dezene P W","family":"Huber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Environment, University of Northern British Columbia , Prince George, BC,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1502-7276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda D","family":"Roe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources Canada, Great Lakes Forestry Centre , Sault Ste. 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