{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T01:54:47Z","timestamp":1778118887977,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,12]],"date-time":"2019-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":41,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Lee Hiok Kwee fund","award":["GL\u00a0710221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GL\u00a0710221"]}]},{"name":"Lee Hiok Kwee fund","award":["R-154-000-608-651"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R-154-000-608-651"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Small marginal eyespots on lepidopteran wings are conspicuous elements that attract a predator\u2019s attention to deflect attacks away from the body, but the role of ultraviolet (UV) reflectivity at the center of these patterns and variation in eyespot number in altering the function of eyespots remains unclear. Here, we performed a field-based predation experiment with artificial prey items based on the appearance of squinting bush brown butterflies Bicyclus anynana (Butler, 1879). We tested how two visual properties of the wing pattern affect predation risk: i) the number of eyespots on the ventral forewing surface\u2014two or four; and ii) the UV reflectivity of eyespot centers\u2014normal (where the UV reflectivity of the centers contrasts strongly with that of the darker surrounding ring) or blocked (where this contrast is reduced). In total, 807 prey items were deployed at two sites. We found a significant interaction between the number of ventral forewing eyespots and UV reflectivity in the eyespot centers: in items with fewer eyespots, blocking UV resulted in increased predation risk whereas in items with more eyespots, blocking UV resulted in decreased predation risk. If higher predation of paper models can be equated with higher levels of wing margin\/eyespot conspicuity, these results demonstrate that UV reflectivity is an important factor in making eyespots more conspicuous to predators and suggest that the fitness of particular butterfly eyespot number variants may depend on the presence or absence of UV in their centers and on the ability of local predator guilds to detect UV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jisesa\/iez123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,29]],"date-time":"2019-11-29T12:09:41Z","timestamp":1575029381000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Interacting Effects of Eyespot Number and Ultraviolet Reflectivity on Predation Risk in Bicyclus anynana (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0973-7477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian Z W","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fathima Zohara","family":"Rafi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9696-459X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nia","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore"},{"name":"Yale-NUS College, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020040717153593000_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-8-94","article-title":"Differences in the selection response of serially repeated color pattern characters: standing variation, development, and evolution","volume":"8","author":"Allen","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Evol. 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B"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020040717153593000_CIT0012","first-page":"221","article-title":"Description of new or little-known species of lepidoptera","volume":"36","author":"Butler","year":"1868","journal-title":"Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond"},{"key":"2020040717153593000_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1086\/663192","article-title":"UV photoreceptors and UV-yellow wing pigments in Heliconius butterflies allow a color signal to serve both mimicry and intraspecific communication","volume":"179","author":"Bybee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. Nat"},{"issue":"1405","key":"2020040717153593000_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1998.0465","article-title":"Ultraviolet cues affect the foraging behaviour of blue tits","volume":"265","author":"Church","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Roy. Soc. 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Ouvrage pouvant servir d\u2019atlas a tous les trait\u00e9s de zoologie","volume":"7","author":"Gu\u00e9rin-M\u00e9n\u00e9ville","year":"1844","journal-title":"Insectes"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020040717153593000_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.18473\/lepi.73i2.a2","article-title":"Lizards as predators of butterflies: shape of wing damage and effects of eyespots","volume":"73","author":"Halali","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Lepidopterists\u2019 Soc"},{"key":"2020040717153593000_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150614","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.150614","article-title":"Attack risk for butterflies changes with eyespot number and size","volume":"3","author":"Ho","year":"2016","journal-title":"R. Soc. 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