{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T20:03:09Z","timestamp":1793822589318,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]],"date-time":"2020-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005989","name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17K10467"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17K10467"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005989","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Radical cystectomy is the gold standard treatment for muscle invasive bladder cancer, but some patients have medically inoperable disease or refuse cystectomy to preserve their bladder function. Bladder preservation therapy with transurethral resection of the bladder tumor and concurrent chemoradiotherapy, known as trimodal treatment, is regarded to be a curative-intent alternative to radical cystectomy for patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer during the past decade. After the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors, a world-changing breakthrough occurred in the field of metastatic urothelial carcinoma and many clinical trials have been conducted against non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Interestingly, preclinical and clinical studies against other malignancies have shown that immune checkpoint inhibitors interact with the radiation-induced immune reaction. As half of the patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer are elderly, and some have renal dysfunction, not only as comorbidity but also because of hydronephrosis caused by their tumors, immune checkpoint inhibitors are expected to become part of a new therapeutic approach for combination treatment with radiotherapy. Accordingly, clinical trials testing immune checkpoint inhibitors have been initiated to preserve bladder for muscle invasive bladder cancer patients using radiation and immune checkpoint inhibitors with\/without chemotherapy. The objective of this review is to summarize the evidence of trimodal therapy for muscle invasive bladder cancer during the past decade and to discuss the future directions of bladder preservation therapy in immuno-oncology era.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyaa155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]],"date-time":"2020-08-26T11:11:22Z","timestamp":1598440282000},"page":"1097-1107","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Bladder preservation therapy for muscle invasive bladder cancer: the past, present and future"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Tomokazu","family":"Kimura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Ishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Kojima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4621-8470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuya","family":"Kandori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Kawahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8885-4972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuta","family":"Sekino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideyuki","family":"Sakurai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Nishiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref1","author":"National Cancer Center"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.13141","article-title":"Essential content of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for bladder cancer: The Japanese Urological Association 2015 update","volume":"23","author":"Kubota","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2016.06.020","article-title":"Updated 2016 EAU guidelines on muscle-invasive and metastatic bladder cancer","volume":"71","author":"Alfred Witjes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2018.0072","article-title":"NCCN guidelines insights: bladder cancer, version 5.2018","volume":"16","author":"Flaig","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Natl Compr Cancer Netw"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref6","volume-title":"World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs","author":"Eble","year":"2004"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref7"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30007-4","article-title":"Safety and activity of pembrolizumab in patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer (KEYNOTE-012): a non-randomized, open-label, phase 1b study","volume":"18","author":"Plimack","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1613683","article-title":"Pembrolizumab as second-line therapy for advanced urothelial carcinoma","volume":"376","author":"Bellmunt","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30616-2","article-title":"First-line pembrolizumab in cisplatin-ineligible patients with locally advanced and unresectable or metastatic urothelial cancer (KEYNOTE-052): a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 study","volume":"18","author":"Balar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30900-2","article-title":"Avelumab in metastatic urothelial carcinoma after platinum failure (JAVELIN Solid Tumor): pooled results from two expansion cohorts of an open-label, phase 1 trial","volume":"19","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2017.2411","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of durvalumab in locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma: updated results from a phase 1\/2 open-label study","volume":"3","author":"Powles","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(16)30496-X","article-title":"Nivolumab monotherapy in recurrent metastatic urothelial carcinoma (CheckMate 032): a multicentre, open-label, two-stage, multi-arm, phase 1\/2 trial","volume":"17","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00561-4","article-title":"Atezolizumab in patients with locally advanced and metastatic urothelial carcinoma who have progressed following treatment with platinum-based chemotherapy: a single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 trial","volume":"387","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32455-2","article-title":"Atezolizumab as first-line treatment in cisplatin-ineligible patients with locally advanced and metastatic urothelial carcinoma: a single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 trial","volume":"389","author":"Balar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)33297-X","article-title":"Atezolizumab versus chemotherapy in patients with platinum-treated locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (IMvigor211): a multicentre, open-label, phase 3 randomized controlled trial","volume":"391","author":"Powles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-13-0115","article-title":"An abscopal response to radiation and ipilimumab in a patient with metastatic non\u2013small cell lung cancer","volume":"1","author":"Golden","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1593\/tlo.12280","article-title":"A systemic complete response of metastatic melanoma to local radiation and immunotherapy","volume":"5","author":"Hiniker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transl Oncol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6580","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-12-1362","article-title":"Molecular pathways: next-generation immunotherapy\u2014inhibiting programmed death-ligand 1 and programmed death-1","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref20","article-title":"Radiation treatment planning guideline","author":"Japanese Society for Radiation Oncology","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyu129","article-title":"Patterns of practice in the radiation therapy for bladder cancer: survey of the Japanese Radiation Oncology Study Group (JROSG)","volume":"44","author":"Maebayashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Jpn J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020092802445494800_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.01.016","article-title":"Ultrasound imaging to assess inter- and intra-fraction motion during bladder radiotherapy and its potential as a verification tool","volume":"21","author":"McBain","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol)"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2009.02.090","article-title":"Radiation dose\u2013volume effects of the urinary bladder","volume":"76","author":"Viswanathan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(91)90171-Y","article-title":"Tolerance of normal tissue to therapeutic irradiation","volume":"21","author":"Emami","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020092802445494800_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2011.173","article-title":"Image-guided radiation therapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer","volume":"9","author":"Thariat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0936-6555(05)80838-6","article-title":"Bladder cancer: long-term follow-up results of patients treated with radical radiation","volume":"3","author":"Gospodarowicz","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol)"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3036","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19931115)72:10<3036::AID-CNCR2820721028>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"Bladder cancer definitive radiation therapy of muscle-invasive bladder cancer. A retrospective analysis of 317 patients","volume":"72","author":"Foss\u00e5","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(94)90004-3","article-title":"Muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with external beam radiotherapy: prognostic factors","volume":"30","author":"Pollack","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(98)00263-6","article-title":"Muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with external beam radiation; influence of total dose, overall treatment time, and treatment interruption on local control","volume":"42","author":"Moonen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1053\/clon.2002.0055","article-title":"Radical radiotherapy and salvage cystectomy as the primary management of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Results following the introduction of a CT planning technique","volume":"14","author":"Borgaonkar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol)"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2901","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1996.14.11.2901","article-title":"Improved local control of invasive bladder cancer by concurrent cisplatin and preoperative or definitive radiation. The National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group","volume":"14","author":"Coppin","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000140456.42509.b6","article-title":"Effective bladder sparing therapy with intra-arterial cisplatin and radiotherapy for localized bladder cancer","volume":"172","author":"Eapen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2006.09.001","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of concurrent weekly low dose cisplatin during radiation treatment of localized muscle invasive bladder transitional cell carcinoma: a report of two sequential phase II studies from the Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology Group","volume":"81","author":"Gogna","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hym129","article-title":"Background variables for the patients with invasive bladder cancer suitable for bladder-preserving therapy","volume":"37","author":"Miyanaga","year":"2007","journal-title":"Jpn J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyp023","article-title":"Bladder preservation therapy conducted by intra-arterial chemotherapy and radiotherapy for muscle invasive bladder cancer","volume":"39","author":"Hashine","year":"2009","journal-title":"Jpn J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2008.07.005","article-title":"Combined modality treatment with bladder preservation for muscle invasive bladder cancer","volume":"28","author":"Sabaa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Urol Oncol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2011.11.010","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of selective bladder preservation by combined-modality therapy for invasive bladder cancer: the MGH experience","volume":"61","author":"Efstathiou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2012.07.045","article-title":"Long-term results of two prospective bladder-sparing trimodality approaches for invasive bladder cancer: neoadjuvant chemotherapy and concurrent radio-chemotherapy","volume":"80","author":"Zapatero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2016.12.020","article-title":"Long-term outcomes after bladder-preserving tri-modality therapy for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer: an updated analysis of the Massachusetts General Hospital","volume":"71","author":"Giacalone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1989.7.2.230","article-title":"Intraarterial cisplatin and concurrent radiation for locally advanced bladder cancer","volume":"7","author":"Eapen","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref41","first-page":"13","article-title":"Utility of the novel bladder preservation therapy, BOAI-CDDP-radiation (OMC-regimen), for elderly patients with invasive bladder cancer","volume":"38","author":"Azuma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Oncol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2014.2378","article-title":"The novel bladder preservation therapy BOAI-CDDP-radiation (OMC-regimen): a new treatment option for invasive bladder cancer patients with lymph node metastasis","volume":"44","author":"Azuma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Oncol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.02.038","article-title":"Critical analysis of bladder sparing with trimodal therapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review","volume":"66","author":"Ploussard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166. e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2015.11.006","article-title":"The effect of the time interval between diagnosis of muscle-invasive bladder cancer and radical cystectomy on staging and survival: a Netherlands Cancer Registry analysis","volume":"34","author":"Bruins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Urol Oncol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2015.02.002","article-title":"Trimodality therapy in bladder cancer: who, what, and when?","volume":"42","author":"Premo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urol Clin North Am"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3576","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1998.16.11.3576","article-title":"Phase III trial of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with invasive bladder cancer treated with selective bladder preservation by combined radiation therapy and chemotherapy: initial results of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 89-03","volume":"16","author":"Shipley","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3061","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2002.11.027","article-title":"Combined-modality treatment and selective organ preservation in invasive bladder cancer: long-term results","volume":"20","author":"R\u00f6del","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(03)00718-1","article-title":"RTOG 97-06: initial report of a phase I-II trial of selective bladder conservation using TURBT, twice-daily accelerated irradiation sensitized with cisplatin, and adjuvant MCV combination chemotherapy","volume":"57","author":"Haqan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1996.14.1.119","article-title":"Neoadjuvant combined modality program with selective organ preservation for invasive bladder cancer: results of radiation therapy oncology group phase II trial 8802","volume":"14","author":"Tester","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(93)90306-G","article-title":"Combined modality program with possible organ preservation for invasive bladder carcinoma: results of RTOG protocol 85-12","volume":"25","author":"Tester","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1106106","article-title":"Radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer","volume":"366","author":"James","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23137","article-title":"Bladder-sparing, combined-modality approach for muscle-invasive bladder cancer; a multi-institutional, long-term experience","volume":"112","author":"Perdona","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3801","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.57.5548","article-title":"Long-term outcomes in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer after selective bladder-preserving combined-modality therapy: a pooled analysis of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group protocols 8802, 8903, 9506, 9706, 9906, and 0233","volume":"32","author":"Mak","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"15S","key":"2020092802445494800_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5022","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.5022","article-title":"BC2001: a multicenter phase III randomized trial of standard versus reduced volume radiotherapy for muscle invasive bladder cancer","volume":"27","author":"Huddart","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hys105","article-title":"Analysis of intravesical recurrence after bladder-preserving therapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer","volume":"42","author":"Onozawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Jpn J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2016.12.002","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of patients with histologic variants of urothelial cancer treated with trimodality bladder-sparing therapy","volume":"72","author":"Krasnow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1007\/s10147-019-01553-4","article-title":"A single-institute experience of trimodal bladder-preserving therapy for histologic variants of urothelial carcinoma","volume":"25","author":"Nagumo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)47381-2","article-title":"Full-dose irradiation for patients with invasive bladder carcinoma: clinical and histological factors prognostic of improved survival","volume":"134","author":"Shipley","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)39122-X","article-title":"Radical radiotherapy for muscle invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: failure analysis","volume":"142","author":"Gospodariwicz","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2012.08.009","article-title":"ICUD-EAU international consultation on bladder cancer 2012: radical cystectomy and bladder preservation for muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder","volume":"63","author":"Gakis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)91612-5","article-title":"Urothelial dysplasia concomitant with bladder tumours: a determinant for future new occurrences in patients treated by full-course radiotherapy","volume":"1","author":"Wolf","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1991.9.9.1533","article-title":"Prognostic factors in invasive bladder carcinoma in a prospective trial of preoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy","volume":"9","author":"Fung","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(01)01219-5","article-title":"Selective bladder conservation using transurethral resection, chemotherapy, and radiation: management and consequences of Ta, T1, and Tis recurrence within the retained bladder","volume":"58","author":"Zietman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2006.05.060","article-title":"Radiotherapy for bladder cancer","volume":"69","author":"Milosevic","year":"2007","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1997.15.3.1022","article-title":"Bladder preservation by combined modality therapy for invasive bladder cancer","volume":"15","author":"Kachnic","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(02)01650-3","article-title":"Selective bladder preservation by combined modality protocol treatment: long-term outcomes of 190 patients with invasive bladder cancer","volume":"60","author":"Shipley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2006.08.1078","article-title":"Association of statin use with improved local control in patients treated with selective bladder preservation for muscle-invasive bladder cancer","volume":"68","author":"Tsai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2011.10425.x","article-title":"Selective bladder-sparing protocol consisting of induction low-dose chemoradiotherapy plus partial cystectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection against muscle-invasive bladder cancer: oncological outcomes of the initial 46 patients","volume":"109","author":"Koga","year":"2012","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.14736","article-title":"Selective tetramodal bladder-preservation therapy, incorporating induction chemoradiotherapy and consolidative partial cystectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: oncological and functional outcomes of 107 patients","volume":"124","author":"Kijima","year":"2019","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.12.007","article-title":"Systematic review and cumulative analysis of perioperative outcomes and complications after robot-assisted radical cystectomy","volume":"67","author":"Novara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eursup.2010.09.002","article-title":"Quality of life with urinary diversion","volume":"9","author":"Somani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Urol Suppl"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.12818","article-title":"Health-related quality of life from a prospective randomised clinical trial of robot-assisted laparoscopic vs open radical cystectomy","volume":"114","author":"Messer","year":"2014","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/2090598X.2019.1600279","article-title":"Trends in quality of life reporting for radical cystectomy and urinary diversion over the last four decades: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"17","author":"Rangarajan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab J Urol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020092802445494800_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2018.10.061","article-title":"Quality of life following urinary diversion: orthotopic ileal neobladder versus ileal conduit. A multicentre study among long-term, female bladder cancer survivors","volume":"45","author":"Siracusano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020092802445494800_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2015.10.006","article-title":"Orthotopic neobladder vs. ileal conduit urinary diversion: a long-term quality-of-life comparison","volume":"34","author":"Goldberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Urol Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020092802445494800_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2004.02.024","article-title":"Prospective quality-of-life assessment in patients receiving concurrent gemcitabine and radiotherapy as a bladder preservation strategy","volume":"64","author":"Herman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2009.10.038","article-title":"Quality of life assessment after concurrent chemoradiation for invasive bladder cancer: results of a multicenter prospective study (GETUG 97-015)","volume":"79","author":"Lagrange","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020092802445494800_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2016.08.023","article-title":"Quality of life in long-term survivors of muscle-invasive bladder cancer","volume":"96","author":"Mak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1071059","article-title":"The danger model: a renewed sense of self","volume":"296","author":"Matzinger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2012.00095","article-title":"Role of T lymphocytes in tumor response to radiotherapy","volume":"2","author":"Demaria","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2012.00116","article-title":"Dying cell clearance and its impact on the outcome of tumor radiotherapy","volume":"2","author":"Lauber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-017-9669-x","article-title":"Radiation-induced inflammatory cascade and its reverberating crosstalks as potential cause of post-radiotherapy second malignancies","volume":"36","author":"Gandhi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)70189-5","article-title":"Ipilimumab versus placebo after radiotherapy in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer that had progressed after docetaxel chemotherapy (CA184-043): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial","volume":"15","author":"Kwon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4161\/onci.28780","article-title":"Abscopal effects of radiotherapy on advanced melanoma patients who progressed after ipilimumab immunotherapy","volume":"3","author":"Grimaldi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.currproblcancer.2015.10.001","article-title":"Systematic review of case reports on the abscopal effect","volume":"40","author":"Abuodeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Probl Cancer"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30380-7","article-title":"Previous radiotherapy and the clinical activity and toxicity of pembrolizumab in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer: a secondary analysis of the KEYNOTE-001 phase 1 trial","volume":"18","author":"Shaverdian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1809697","article-title":"Overall survival with Durvalumab after Chemoradiotherapy in stage III NSCLC","volume":"379","author":"Antonia","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020092802445494800_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2019.02.027","article-title":"Towards personalized neoadjuvant therapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer","volume":"76","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2020092802445494800_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0628-7","article-title":"Clinical efficacy and biomarker analysis of neoadjuvant atezolizumab in operable urothelial carcinoma in the ABACUS trial","volume":"25","author":"Powles","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"34","key":"2020092802445494800_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3353","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.18.01148","article-title":"Pembrolizumab as neoadjuvant therapy before radical cystectomy in patients with muscle-invasive urothelial bladder carcinoma (PURE-01): an open-label, single-arm, phase II study","volume":"36","author":"Necchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1097\/COC.0000000000000237","article-title":"Whole versus partial bladder radiation: use of an image-guided hypofractionated IMRT bladder-preservation protocol","volume":"41","author":"Kang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref92","first-page":"531","article-title":"Preliminary results of bladder-preserving therapy with definitive radiotherapy and intraarterial infusion of chemotherapy","volume":"170","author":"Tsujii","year":"1994","journal-title":"Strahlenther Onkol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyw151","article-title":"Long-term single-institute experience with trimodal bladder-preserving therapy with proton beam therapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer","volume":"47","author":"Takaoka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jpn J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2020092802445494800_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/29.10.479","article-title":"Lower urinary tract function after intra-arterial chemotherapy with concurrent pelvic radiotherapy for invasive bladder cancer","volume":"29","author":"Sekido","year":"1999","journal-title":"Jpn J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020092802445494800_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.13900","article-title":"Clinical and patient-reported outcomes of SPARE - a randomised feasibility study of selective bladder preservation versus radical cystectomy","volume":"120","author":"Huddart","year":"2017","journal-title":"BJU Int"}],"container-title":["Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jjco\/article-pdf\/50\/10\/1097\/33797119\/hyaa155.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jjco\/article-pdf\/50\/10\/1097\/33797119\/hyaa155.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]],"date-time":"2021-03-29T10:58:51Z","timestamp":1617015531000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jjco\/article\/50\/10\/1097\/5902471"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jjco\/hyaa155","relation":{},"ISSN":["1465-3621"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1465-3621","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]]}}}