{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:25:12Z","timestamp":1787009112854,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]],"date-time":"2021-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study presents an up-to-date, comprehensive and comparative examination of breast cancer\u2019s temporal patterns in females in Asia in last three decades.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The estimates of incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted-life-years and risk factors of breast cancer in females in 49 Asian countries were retrieved from Global Burden of Disease 2019 study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In Asia, female breast cancer incidence grew from 245 045[226 259\u2013265 260] in 1990 to 914 878[815 789\u20131025 502] in 2019 with age-standardized incidence rate rising from 21.2\/100 000[19.6\u201322.9] to 35.9\/100 000[32.0\u201340.2] between 1990 and 2019. The death counts more than doubled from 136 665[126 094\u2013148 380] to 337 822[301 454\u2013375 251]. The age-standardized mortality rate rose marginally between 1990 and 2019 (1990: 12.1[11.0\u201313.1]; 2019: 13.4[12.0\u201314.9]). In 2019, age-standardized incidence rate varied from 17.2\/100 000[13.95\u201321.4] in Mongolia to 122.5[92.1\u2013160.7] in Lebanon and the age-standardized mortality rate varied 4-fold from 8.0\/100 000 [7.2\u20138.8] in South Korea to 51.9[39.0\u201369.8] in Pakistan. High body mass index (5.6%), high fasting plasma glucose (5.6%) and secondhand smoke (3.5%) were the main contributory risk factors to all-age disability-adjusted-life-years due to breast cancer in Asia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>With growing incidence, escalating dietary and behavioural risk factors and lower survival rates due to late-disease presentation in low- and medium-income countries of Asia, breast cancer has become a significant public health threat. Its rising burden calls for increasing breast cancer awareness, preventive measures, early-stage detection and cost-effective therapeutics in Asia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyab004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]],"date-time":"2021-01-12T23:51:24Z","timestamp":1610495484000},"page":"826-835","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Examination of incidence, mortality and disability-adjusted life years and risk factors of breast cancer in 49 Asian countries, 1990\u20132019: estimates from Global Burden of Disease Study 2019"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7468-1249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajesh","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, University School of Management and Entrepreneurship, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021043010523669800_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1007\/s12282-018-00941-4","article-title":"Breast cancer incidence, mortality and mortality-to-incidence ratio (MIR) are associated with human development, 1990\u20132016: evidence from global burden of disease study 2016","volume":"26","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Breast Cancer"},{"key":"2021043010523669800_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2019.2996","article-title":"Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years for 29 cancer groups, 1990 to 2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study","volume":"5","author":"Fitzmaurice","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"2021043010523669800_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2016.17.S3.47","article-title":"Epidemiology, incidence and mortality of breast cancer in Asia","volume":"17","author":"Ghoncheh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"2021043010523669800_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdq055","article-title":"Scaling up cancer diagnosis and treatment in developing countries: what can we learn from the HIV\/AIDS epidemic?","volume":"21","author":"CanTreat International","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"2021043010523669800_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30752-2","article-title":"Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"396","author":"Murray","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021043010523669800_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","article-title":"Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"396","author":"Vos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021043010523669800_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp0708307","article-title":"\"westernizing\" women's risks? 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