{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T02:37:45Z","timestamp":1789094265757,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cancer Research Grant from the Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The details of gastrointestinal bleeding\/ulcer in paediatric cancer patients treated with proton beam therapy have not been reported previously.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Patients aged 15\u00a0years or younger at the time of proton beam therapy and whose gastrointestinal tract was included in the irradiated field participated.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 124 patients participated in the study; their median age at irradiation was 5.4\u00a0years. Concurrent chemotherapies were vincristine\u2013cyclophosphamide (16 patients), irinotecan-based treatment (16 patients), vincristine\u2013cyclophosphamide\u2013ifosfamide\u2013etoposide (14 patients), other chemotherapy (27 patients) and no chemotherapy (51 patients). Gastrointestinal bleeding\/ulcer occurred in four patients (3.2%), with no death due to the bleeding\/ulcer. The sites of the gastrointestinal bleeding\/ulcer were the stomach (two patients) and the duodenum (two patients). The ages of the four patients at PBT were 5.3, 13.8, 14.2 and 14.8\u00a0years, which were significantly older than those of patients without GI bleeding\/ulcer (p\u00a0=\u00a00.017). The maximum irradiated doses to the GI tract in the four patients were 43.2, 45, 50.4 and 50.4 gray equivalent, respectively. The concomitant chemotherapy was vincristine\u2013cyclophosphamide\u2013ifosfamide\u2013etoposide 3 and vincristine\u2013cyclophosphamide 1. Weeks from proton beam therapy to bleeding\/ulcer were 15, 20, 22 and 264.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Discussion and conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Patients who developed gastrointestinal bleeding\/ulcer were treated concurrently with vincristine\u2013cyclophosphamide\u2013ifosfamide\u2013etoposide or vincristine\u2013cyclophosphamide, and their ages were older than those of patients without gastrointestinal bleeding\/ulcer. Bleeding occurred in the upper gastrointestinal tract in all the cases, and most cases occurred early and during chemotherapy. Upper gastrointestinal irradiation in older children undergoing intensive chemotherapy may increase the risk of developing gastrointestinal complications.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyad024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T16:24:04Z","timestamp":1680020644000},"page":"501-507","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gastrointestinal bleeding\/ulcer among paediatric cancer patients after proton beam therapy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Hiroko","family":"Fukushima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tsukuba Hospital Department of Pediatrics, , Tsukuba, Japan"},{"name":"University of Tsukuba Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, , Tsukuba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masashi","family":"Mizumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tsukuba Hospital Department of Radiation Oncology, , Tsukuba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryoko","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tsukuba Hospital Department of Pediatrics, , Tsukuba, Japan"},{"name":"University of Tsukuba Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, , Tsukuba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuni","family":"Yamaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tsukuba Hospital Department of Pediatrics, , Tsukuba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sho","family":"Hosaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tsukuba Hospital Department of Pediatrics, , Tsukuba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masako","family":"Inaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tsukuba Hospital Department of Pediatrics, , Tsukuba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manabu","family":"Tagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tsukuba Hospital Department of Pediatrics, , Tsukuba, Japan"},{"name":"University of Tsukuba Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, , Tsukuba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsuko","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saitama Medical University International Medical Center Department of Pediatric Oncology, , Hidaka, Saitama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoko","family":"Okunushi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chiba University Hospital Department of Pediatrics, , Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kouji","family":"Masumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tsukuba Hospital Department of Pediatric Surgery, , Tsukuba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ai","family":"Muroi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tsukuba Hospital Department of Neurosurgery, , Tsukuba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideyuki","family":"Sakurai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tsukuba Hospital Department of Radiation Oncology, , Tsukuba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidetoshi","family":"Takada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tsukuba Hospital Department of Pediatrics, , Tsukuba, Japan"},{"name":"University of Tsukuba Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, , Tsukuba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023060113502245800_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.13457","article-title":"Childhood cancer incidence and survival in Japan and England: a population-based study (1993-2010)","volume":"109","author":"Nakata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Sci"},{"key":"2023060113502245800_ref2","first-page":"1059","article-title":"Childhood cancer survivor study. 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