{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T16:12:46Z","timestamp":1788970366663,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]],"date-time":"2026-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI","award":["25\u00a0K02769"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25\u00a0K02769"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical studies in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) often enroll younger and fitter patients than those treated in routine practice, limiting generalizability. We developed a simple eligibility gap (EG) score to quantify baseline eligibility differences between clinical studies and real-world cohorts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eight clinical studies and eight real-world datasets were analyzed. The EG score was based on three commonly reported determinants: age, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS), and cisplatin eligibility, each scaled from 0 to 33.3 points (total range: 0\u201399.9). Higher scores indicate younger, fitter, and more cisplatin-eligible populations. Known-groups validity was assessed by comparing EG scores across prespecified study categories expected to differ in eligibility selectivity. Sensitivity analyses using alternative fixed weighting schemes and random-weight simulations were performed to examine score robustness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Baseline characteristics differed between clinical studies and real-world cohorts. Trial populations were generally younger, had better ECOG PS, and showed higher cisplatin eligibility than real-world cohorts. EG scores followed the expected ordering across prespecified study categories, with the highest values in cisplatin-fit trials (86), intermediate values in real-world cohorts (66), and the lowest values in cisplatin-unfit\/refusal trials (44), consistent with known-groups validity. Domain-specific analyses showed larger differences in age and cisplatin eligibility than in ECOG PS. Across alternative weighting scenarios, rank correlations with the equal-weight model remained high (\u03c1\u00a0=\u00a00.976\u20130.994), and the expected category-level ordering was preserved.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The EG score describes eligibility differences between clinical studies and real-world MIBC populations and may aid interpretation of trial evidence across heterogeneous populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyag087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T11:48:51Z","timestamp":1778932131000},"page":"1119-1127","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Visualizing eligibility gaps between muscle-invasive bladder cancer trials and real-world patients"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Takaki","family":"Ichiyama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine , 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuma","family":"Narita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine , 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuya","family":"Sekine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine , Akita 010-8543 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masanao","family":"Shinohara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Ageo Central General Hospital , Ageo 362-8588 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yohei","family":"Kawashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Ageo Central General Hospital , Ageo 362-8588 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mizuki","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine , Akita 010-8543 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5899-1738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuyuki","family":"Numakura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Renal and Urologic Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University , Asahikawa 078-8510 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jotaro","family":"Mikami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine , 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Fujita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine , 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teppei","family":"Okamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine , 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayato","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine , 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2988-1860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shintaro","family":"Narita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine , Akita 010-8543 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Ageo Central General Hospital , Ageo 362-8588 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomonori","family":"Habuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine , Akita 010-8543 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chikara","family":"Ohyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Transplant and 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