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Studies suggest that myeloperoxidase, expressed by granulocytes, and eosinophil peroxidase diverged some 60 to 70 million years ago, but invertebrate to vertebrate evolution of the eosinophil lineage is unknown. Vertebrate eosinophils have been characterized extensively in representative species at light microscopic, ultrastructural, genetic, and biochemical levels. Understanding of eosinophil function continues to expand and includes to date regulation of \u201cLocal Immunity And\/Or Remodeling\/Repair\u201d (the so-called LIAR hypothesis), modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses, maintenance of tissue and metabolic homeostasis, and, under pathologic conditions, inducers of tissue damage, repair, remodeling, and fibrosis. This contrasts with their classically considered primary roles in host defense against parasites and other pathogens, as well as involvement in T-helper 2 inflammatory and immune responses. The eosinophils\u2019 early appearance during evolution and continued retention within the innate immune system across taxa illustrate their importance during evolutionary biology. However, successful pregnancies in eosinophil-depleted humans\/primates treated with biologics, host immune responses to parasites in eosinophil-deficient mice, and the absence of significant developmental or functional abnormalities in eosinophil-deficient mouse strains under laboratory conditions raise questions of the continuing selective advantages of the eosinophil lineage in mammals and humans. The objectives of this review are to provide an overview on evolutionary origins of eosinophils across the animal kingdom, discuss some of their main functions in the context of potential evolutionary relevance, and highlight the need for further research on eosinophil functions and functional evolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jleuko\/qiae109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T04:29:56Z","timestamp":1715574596000},"page":"247-259","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Considerations on the evolutionary biology and functions of eosinophils: what the \u201chaeckel\u201d?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"116","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8183-4693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven J","family":"Ackerman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , MBRB2074, MC669, 900 S. Ashland Ave, Chicago, IL 60607 , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4258-4414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole I","family":"Stacy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida , 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL 32610 , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024072520173439900_qiae109-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-394385-9.00002-X","volume-title":"Eosinophils in health and disease","author":"McGarry","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024072520173439900_qiae109-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00233676","article-title":"A comparative ultrastructural study of blood cells from nine insect orders","volume":"195","author":"Brehelin","year":"1978","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"issue":"11-12","key":"2024072520173439900_qiae109-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2010.04.017","article-title":"Cell lineage tracing reveals the plasticity of the hemocyte lineages and of the hematopoietic compartments in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"47","author":"Honti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024072520173439900_qiae109-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s002390010106","article-title":"Molecular evolution of the myeloperoxidase family","volume":"51","author":"Daiyasu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Mol Evol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024072520173439900_qiae109-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.12.002","article-title":"A tribute to eosinophils from a comparative and evolutionary perspective","volume":"147","author":"Stacy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024072520173439900_qiae109-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0695-219","article-title":"Rapid evolution of a unique family of primate ribonuclease genes","volume":"10","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024072520173439900_qiae109-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.2012.1729","article-title":"Eosinophil cationic protein: overview of biological and genetic features","volume":"31","author":"de Oliveira","year":"2012","journal-title":"DNA Cell Biol"},{"key":"2024072520173439900_qiae109-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2021.103993","article-title":"Characterization of the turbot Scophthalmus maximus (L.) myeloperoxidase. 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