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Prior to conducting large randomized controlled trials, an in-depth understanding of the changes induced by rIL-7 or nivolumab (and their differences) in patients with sepsis is imperative. We performed a prospective observational cohort study including patients admitted to the intensive care unit with sepsis and characterized their T lymphocyte phenotype using flow cytometry. The ability of T lymphocytes to respond to a stimulus (using anti-CD3\/CD28 beads) and the effect of rIL-7 or nivolumab on T lymphocyte immunophenotype ex vivo was assessed. In a cohort of 55 patients, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte PD-1 was higher and IL-7R lower compared with healthy volunteers. In a subset of 24 intensive care unit patients in whom in-depth immunophenotype was characterized, ex vivo response of lymphocytes to anti-CD3\/CD28 beads was reduced compared with healthy volunteers, simultaneously inducing features consistent with immune activation and immunosuppression. rIL-7 was associated with a greater spectrum of changes compared with nivolumab. The response to rIL-7 and nivolumab was influenced by anti-CD3\/CD28 bead costimulation. rIL-7 and nivolumab elicited distinct T lymphocyte responses ex vivo, and the changes were influenced by T lymphocyte activation. It needs to be determined if similar changes occur in vivo, which may influence the choice of immunomodulatory therapy in sepsis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jleuko\/qiag057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T11:39:35Z","timestamp":1780659575000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Distinct lymphocyte immune signatures to nivolumab and recombinant IL-7 ex vivo in patients with sepsis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"118","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8395-7857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy Arthur Chandos","family":"Snow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London , Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Centre for Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Department of Targeted Intervention, University College London , Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT 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