{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:06:31Z","timestamp":1792785991468,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]],"date-time":"2020-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"United States Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Laboratory Capacity for Infectious Diseases"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>West Nile virus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus) first caused human and veterinary disease, and was isolated from Culex pipiens pipiens L. and Aedes vexans (Meigen) (Diptera: Culicidae) in the United States in 1999. We report that a Connecticut strain of Ae. vexans was competent to transmit West Nile virus both horizontally to suckling mice and vertically to its progeny in the laboratory. Horizontal transmission was first observed on day 6 post-exposure (pe). Daily horizontal transmission rates generally increased with the day post-virus exposure with highest rates of 67\u2013100% recorded on days 28\u201330 pe. One female vertically transmitted West Nile virus on day 21 pe, but only after it had taken its third bloodmeal. Horizontal and vertical transmission may contribute to West Nile virus infection rates in Ae. vexans in summer, and vertical transmission provides a means of survival of West Nile virus during winter.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjaa049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]],"date-time":"2020-03-19T02:07:39Z","timestamp":1584583659000},"page":"1614-1618","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Horizontal and Vertical Transmission of West Nile Virus by\n                    <i>Aedes vexans<\/i>\n                    (Diptera: Culicidae)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0199-8469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John F","family":"Anderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J","family":"Main","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis J","family":"Ferrandino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021031900025590600_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1086\/508754","article-title":"Importance of vertical and horizontal transmission of West Nile virus by Culex pipiens in the Northeastern United States","volume":"194","author":"Anderson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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