{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T02:12:57Z","timestamp":1773454377050,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,15]],"date-time":"2020-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Two species of black widow spider (BWS\u2014Latrodectus hesperus Chamberlin &amp; Ivie and Latrodectus variolus Walckenaer) naturally occur in Canada and are capable of causing deleterious envenomation to humans. No Canadian literature exists on the frequency of envenomations by these species or the use of antivenom in the treatment of those patients. A review of primary Canadian arachnology data was undertaken to identify BWS populations. A retrospective review of the Health Canada Special Access Program records generated epidemiology and the utilization of antivenom for BWS envenomations in Canada. The geographical distribution of BWS species is limited to along the southern Canadian border. From January 2009 to December 2015, there were five BWS envenomations that required treatment with antivenom and all cases occurred in British Columbia. An average patient age of 41 yr \u00b1 21 SD (range 7\u201359) was observed, along with three of the five patients being female. The average number of vials used for treatment was 2 \u00b1 1 SD (range 1\u20133). BWS Antivenin was also obtained by facilities in Alberta, Ontario, and Nova Scotia, but not used in any of these jurisdictions. Further investigation is necessary to determine the annual incidence of BWS envenomations and if treatment with BWS antivenin is required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjaa148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,15]],"date-time":"2020-08-15T11:16:43Z","timestamp":1597490203000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Review of Black Widow (Araneae: Theridiidae) Envenomation, Epidemiology, and Antivenom Utilization in Canada"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9457-7094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gwynn","family":"Curran-Sills","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada"},{"name":"Captain, 15 Field Ambulance, Calgary Detachment, Canadian Armed Forces, Calgary, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven M","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EmergeOrtho \u2013 Alternative Medicine and Rehabilitation Services, Shipyard Boulevard, Wilmington, NC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robb","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020081507163555600_CIT0001","first-page":"1098","article-title":"An approach to spider bites: erroneous attribution of dermonecrotic lesions to brown recluse or hobo spider bites in Canada","volume":"50","author":"Bennett","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can. 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