{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T19:15:33Z","timestamp":1778613333652,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"United States Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NBAF Transition Funds"},{"name":"KSU internal funds"},{"name":"NIAID Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance","award":["#HHSN 272201400006C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#HHSN 272201400006C"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility"},{"name":"Department of Homeland Security Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases","award":["#HSHQDC-16-A-B0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#HSHQDC-16-A-B0006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>SARS-CoV-2 is a recently emerged, highly contagious virus and the cause of the current COVID-19 pandemic. It is a zoonotic virus, although its animal origin is not clear yet. Person-to-person transmission occurs by inhalation of infected droplets and aerosols, or by direct contact with contaminated fomites. Arthropods transmit numerous viral, parasitic, and bacterial diseases; however, the potential role of arthropods in SARS-CoV-2 transmission is not fully understood. Thus far, a few studies have demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 replication is not supported in cells from certain insect species nor in certain species of mosquitoes after intrathoracic inoculation. In this study, we expanded the work of SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility to biting insects after ingesting a SARS-CoV-2-infected bloodmeal. Species tested included Culicoides sonorensis (Wirth &amp; Jones) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) biting midges, as well as Culex tarsalis (Coquillett) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae), all known biological vectors for numerous RNA viruses. Arthropods were allowed to feed on SARS-CoV-2-spiked blood and at a time point postinfection analyzed for the presence of viral RNA and infectious virus. Additionally, cell lines derived from C. sonorensis (W8a), Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Culicidae) (C6\/36), Cx. quinquefasciatus (HSU), and Cx. tarsalis (CxTrR2) were tested for SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility. Our results indicate that none of the biting insects, nor the insect cell lines evaluated support SARS-CoV-2 replication, suggesting that these species are unable to be biological vectors of SARS-CoV-2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjab013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]],"date-time":"2021-03-09T03:51:12Z","timestamp":1615261872000},"page":"1948-1951","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Susceptibility of Midge and Mosquito Vectors to SARS-CoV-2"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Velmurugan","family":"Balaraman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Medicine\/Pathobiology and Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara S","family":"Drolet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, 1515 College Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natasha N","family":"Gaudreault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Medicine\/Pathobiology and Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William C","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, 1515 College Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeana","family":"Owens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, 1515 College Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dashzeveg","family":"Bold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Medicine\/Pathobiology and Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dustin A","family":"Swanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, 1515 College Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dane C","family":"Jasperson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, 1515 College Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leela E","family":"Noronha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, 1515 College Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juergen A","family":"Richt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Medicine\/Pathobiology and Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dana N","family":"Mitzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, 1515 College Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021071619190505100_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/v11080695","article-title":"Experimental assessment of zika virus mechanical transmission by Aedes aegypti","volume":"11","author":"Boullis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2021071619190505100_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30154-9","article-title":"A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster","volume":"395","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021071619190505100_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1732837","article-title":"Detectable 2019-nCoV viral RNA in blood is a strong indicator for the further clinical severity","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect"},{"key":"2021071619190505100_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(20)30004-5","article-title":"Comparative tropism, replication kinetics, and cell damage profiling of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV with implications for clinical manifestations, transmissibility, and laboratory studies of COVID-19: an observational study","volume":"1","author":"Chu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet. Microbe"},{"key":"2021071619190505100_CIT0005","first-page":"1","article-title":"High frequency of SARS-CoV-2 RNAemia and association with severe disease","author":"Hogan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"2021071619190505100_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/7.6.703","article-title":"Establishment of a line of cells derived from ovarian tissue of Culex quinquefasciatus","volume":"7","author":"Hsu","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Med. 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