{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:25:23Z","timestamp":1787009123289,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]],"date-time":"2021-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NU50CK0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU50CK0005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CDC Midwest Center of Excellence in Vector-Borne Diseases","award":["U50 723K866"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U50 723K866"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) is a mosquito-borne viral disease that is an emerging public health concern in the state of Michigan. Although Michigan has one of the highest incidence rates of EEE in the United States, much of the information known about cases in humans, equines, and other animals residing in Michigan is unpublished. This article summarizes such information and explores spatial trends in the historic distribution of EEE in Michigan. Outbreaks in Michigan have occurred over an 80-yr interval, involving only horses in 1942\u20131943 and 1973\u20131976, and then episodically from 1980 to 2020, and involving horses, humans, and wild and domestic animals. An estimated 1,036 equine cases (confirmed and suspected) and 36 confirmed human cases have occurred, including 10 in 2019 (6 deaths) and 4 in 2020 (2 deaths). Human cases ranged in age from 1 to 81 yr; 70% were male, and fatality rate of 34.3%. Equine and human cases occurred from July to October, peaked in August, and cluster in space in southwestern and southeastern lower Michigan. Cases occurred in glacial outwash and ice-contact landscapes in glacial interlobate zones. EEE virus (EEEV) was recovered from Culiseta melanura, Coquillettidia perturbans, five species of Aedes, and other mosquito species near horse and human case sites. Virus isolations or presence of neutralizing antibodies in several passerine species of birds suggest broad EEEV\u2013bird associations. White-tailed deer and other wildlife were also affected. Geographic spread to northern areas of the state suggests expansion of this disease system into new and unsuspected foci.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjab153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]],"date-time":"2021-11-04T07:06:48Z","timestamp":1636009608000},"page":"27-40","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis in Michigan: Historical Review of Equine, Human, and Wildlife Involvement, Epidemiology, Vector Associations, and Factors Contributing to Endemicity"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Mary Grace","family":"Stobierski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, 333 S. Grand Avenue, Lansing, MI 48933, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Signs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, 333 S. Grand Avenue, Lansing, MI 48933, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Dinh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, 333 S. Grand Avenue, Lansing, MI 48933, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas M","family":"Cooley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Wildlife Disease Laboratory, 4125 Beaumont Road, Room 250, Lansing, MI 48917, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Melotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Wildlife Disease Laboratory, 4125 Beaumont Road, Room 250, Lansing, MI 48917, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Schalow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, P.O. Box 30017, Lansing, MI 48909, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon S","family":"Patterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, Lansing, MI 48910, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven R","family":"Bolin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, Lansing, MI 48910, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1802-9605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward D","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"},{"name":"Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0001","author":"Albert","year":"1995"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0002","first-page":"127","article-title":"The historical development of the tension zone concept in the Great Lakes region of North America","volume":"44","author":"Andersen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Michigan Botanist"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-20-00113","article-title":"Eastern equine encephalitis virus in visibly affected Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus)","volume":"57","author":"Anderson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0004","first-page":"127","article-title":"Intraspecific variation in key morphological characters of Culiseta melanura (Diptera:Culicidae)","volume":"13","author":"Andreadis","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Cont. Assoc"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/35.3.296","article-title":"Multiple isolations of eastern equine encephalitis and highlands J viruses from mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) during a 1996 epizootic in southeastern Connecticut","volume":"35","author":"Andreadis","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.2987\/12-6283R.1","article-title":"Field observations on the overwintering ecology of Culiseta melanura in the northeastern United States","volume":"28","author":"Andreadis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638718774616","article-title":"Eastern equine encephalitis in puppies in Michigan and New York states","volume":"30","author":"Andrews","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Invest"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1612.100640","article-title":"Eastern equine encephalitis virus in mosquitoes and their role as bridge vectors","volume":"16","author":"Armstrong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1213696","article-title":"Eastern equine encephalitis virus\u2014old enemy, new threat","volume":"368","author":"Armstrong","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0010","first-page":"102","article-title":"Eastern equine encephalitis in the United States","volume":"12","author":"Beadle","year":"1952","journal-title":"Mosq. News"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180214","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2018.214","article-title":"Present and future K\u00f6ppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution","volume":"5","author":"Beck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/81.1.48","article-title":"Studies on equine encephalomyelitis in Michigan","volume":"81","author":"Brown","year":"1947","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0013","first-page":"356","article-title":"An annotated list of mosquitoes reported from Michigan","volume":"40","author":"Cassani","year":"1980","journal-title":"Mosq. News"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0014","first-page":"20","volume-title":"Natural community abstract for bog","author":"Cohen","year":"2008"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0015","author":"Cohen","year":"2020"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0016","author":"Comer","year":"1995"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0017","first-page":"91","article-title":"Sewage-associated breeding of Aedes dorsalis and Aedes sollicitans in southwestern Michigan","volume":"2","author":"Copeland","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2020.2671","article-title":"Eastern equine encephalitis virus: a scoping review of the global evidence","volume":"21","author":"Corrin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoo. Dis"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0019","first-page":"178","article-title":"Evidence incriminating Coquillettidia perturbans (Diptera: Culicidae) as an epizootic vector of eastern equine encephalitis. I. Isolation of EEE virus from Cq. perturbans during an epizootic among horses in New Jersey","volume":"11","author":"Crans","year":"1986","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Vector Ecol"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0020","first-page":"68","article-title":"Isolation of eastern equine encephalitis virus from Aedes sollicitans during an epizootic in southern New Jersey","volume":"2","author":"Crans","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/31.5.711","article-title":"Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in relation to the avian community of a coastal cedar swamp","volume":"31","author":"Crans","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0022","volume-title":"Identification and geographical distribution of mosquitoes of North America, North of Mexico","author":"Darsie","year":"2004"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1982.00510170064029","article-title":"Eastern equine encephalitis in Michigan","volume":"39","author":"Davenport","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0024","first-page":"211\u2013215","article-title":"The hydrographic regions of Michigan","volume":"16","author":"Davis","year":"1931","journal-title":"Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci. Arts Lett"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199706263362604","article-title":"Clinical and neuroradiographic manifestations of eastern equine encephalitis","volume":"336","author":"Deresiewicz","year":"1997","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0026","volume-title":"Geology of Michigan","author":"Dorr","year":"1996"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2015.09.006","article-title":"Mapping eastern equine encephalitis virus risk for white-tailed deer in Michigan","volume":"64","author":"Downs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0028","volume-title":"The climatic atlas of Michigan","author":"Eichenlaub","year":"1990"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/21.4.395","article-title":"Epizootiology of eastern equine encephalomyelitis in upstate New York, USA. VI. Antibody prevalence in wild birds during an interepizootic period","volume":"21","author":"Emord","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0030","volume-title":"Quaternary geology of southern Michigan","author":"Farrand","year":"1982"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2004.11.019","article-title":"Saginaw lobe tunnel channels (Laurentide ice sheet) and their significance in south-central Michigan","volume":"24","author":"Fisher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Q. Sci. Rev"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1126\/science.88.2293.549.b","article-title":"A fatal disease of pigeons caused by the virus of the eastern variety of equine encephalomyelitis","volume":"88","author":"Fothergill","year":"1938","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0033","first-page":"73","article-title":"Seroprevalence of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in birds and larval survey of Culiseta melanura Coquillett during an interepizootic period in central Ohio","volume":"29","author":"Garvin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0034","first-page":"256","article-title":"Spatial point pattern analysis and its application in geographical epidemiology","volume":"21","author":"Gatrell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. Geogr"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.2307\/1938452","article-title":"Second-order neighborhood analysis of mapped point patterns","volume":"68","author":"Getis","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0036","first-page":"25","article-title":"The 1933 outbreak of infectious equine encephalomyelitis in the eastern states","volume":"14","author":"Giltner","year":"1933","journal-title":"N. Am. Vet"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112519","article-title":"Eastern equine encephalitis in Massachusetts, 1957\u20131976. A prospective study centered upon analyses of mosquitoes","volume":"107","author":"Grady","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.285","article-title":"Human Eastern equine encephalitis in Massachusetts: predictive indicators from mosquitoes collected at 10 long-term trap sites, 1979\u20132004","volume":"76","author":"Hachiya","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/25.6.501","article-title":"Epizootiology of eastern equine encephalitis virus in upstate New York, USA. VII. Virus surveillance 1978\u201385, description of 1983 outbreak, and series conclusions","volume":"25","author":"Howard","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/33.3.421","article-title":"Evidence for multiple foci of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus (Togaviridae: Alphavirus) in central New York state","volume":"33","author":"Howard","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-4-4","article-title":"Global, local and focused geographic clustering for case\u2013control data with residential histories","volume":"4","author":"Jacquez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0042","volume-title":"Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) and public health in southwestern Michigan. Science for Citizens Center of Southwestern Michigan","author":"Kaufman","year":"1982"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3189\/172756499781821940","article-title":"Palimpset tunnel valleys: evidence for relative timing of advances in an interlobate area of the Laurentide ice sheet","volume":"28","author":"Kehew","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0044","first-page":"314","author":"Kost","year":"2007"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1993.49.677","article-title":"Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE): a description of the 1989 outbreak, recent epidemiologic trends, and the association of rainfall with EEE occurrence","volume":"49","author":"Letson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0927","article-title":"Eastern equine encephalitis virus in the United States, 2003\u20132016","volume":"98","author":"Lindsey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6902a4","article-title":"Notes from the field: multistate outbreak of eastern equine encephalitis virus \u2013 United States, 2019","volume":"69","author":"Lindsey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0048","author":"Lusch","year":"2006"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01567925","article-title":"Eastern equine encephalitis in the United States, 1971: past and prologue","volume":"5","author":"Maness","year":"1981","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.5.1823-1826.2000","article-title":"Standardization of immunoglobulin M capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for routine diagnosis of arboviral infections","volume":"38","author":"Martin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1985.34.1190","article-title":"Investigations of the vertebrate hosts of eastern equine encephalitis during an epizootic in Michigan, 1980","volume":"34","author":"McLean","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0052","first-page":"1","article-title":"Isolations of Potosi virus from mosquitoes collected in the United States, 1989\u201394","volume":"12","author":"Mitchell","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosquito Control Assoc"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1145-2","article-title":"Insights into the recent emergence and expansion of eastern equine encephalitis virus in a new focus in the Northern New England USA","volume":"8","author":"Molaei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0054","first-page":"1418","article-title":"Diagnosis of eastern equine encephalitis by immunofluorescent staining of brain tissue","volume":"42","author":"Monath","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0055","first-page":"457","article-title":"Mosquito-borne encephalitis: United States","volume":"29","author":"Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0056","first-page":"454","article-title":"Arboviral disease: United States, 1991.","volume":"41","author":"Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0057","first-page":"467","article-title":"Arboviral disease: United States, 1992","volume":"42","author":"Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0058","first-page":"454","article-title":"Arboviral disease: United States, 1994","volume":"44","author":"Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1914328","article-title":"Eastern equine encephalitis virus \u2013 another emergent arbovirus in the United States","volume":"381","author":"Morens","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/17.5.442","article-title":"Epizootiology of eastern equine encephalomyelitis in upstate New York, USA. I. Introduction, demography, and natural environment of an endemic focus","volume":"17","author":"Morris","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/30.1.217","article-title":"Eastern equine encephalitis virus in Ohio during 1991","volume":"30","author":"Nasci","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0062","volume-title":"Report of mosquito-borne encephalitis investigations in Michigan, 1980\u20131982, from Michigan State University to Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, 12 pages plus tables","author":"Newson","year":"1983"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1089\/153036604773083004","article-title":"The epidemic of West Nile virus in the United States, 2002","volume":"4","author":"O\u2019Leary","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoo. Dis"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2015.1864","article-title":"Geography and timing of cases of eastern equine encephalitis in New York State from 1992 to 2012","volume":"16","author":"Oliver","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoo. Dis"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2950-1","article-title":"Twenty years of surveillance for eastern equine encephalitis virus in mosquitoes in New York State from 1993 to 2012","volume":"11","author":"Oliver","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1774426","article-title":"Spatial and temporal expansions of eastern equine encephalitis virus and phylogenetic groups isolated from mosquitoes and mammalian cases in New York State from 2013 to 2019","volume":"9","author":"Oliver","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/19.4.423","article-title":"Epizootiology of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in upstate New York, USA: IV. Distribution of Culiseta melanura larvae in a fresh water swamp","volume":"19","author":"Pierson","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5877(95)00479-G","article-title":"A case\u2013control study of an outbreak of eastern equine encephalomyelitis in Michigan (USA) equine herds in 1991","volume":"24","author":"Ross","year":"1995","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1996.208.12.1988","article-title":"Evaluation of outbreaks of disease attributable to eastern equine encephalitis virus in horses","volume":"208","author":"Ross","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-43.4.635","article-title":"An outbreak of eastern equine encephalitis virus in free-ranging white-tailed deer in Michigan","volume":"43","author":"Schmitt","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(08)60838-6","article-title":"Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus: epidemiology and evolution of mosquito transmission","volume":"37","author":"Scott","year":"1989","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0072","first-page":"271","article-title":"Identity of viruses from cases of equine encephalomyelitis during 1942","volume":"102","author":"Shahan","year":"1943","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0073","first-page":"76","volume-title":"The determination of the potential vectors of eastern equine encephalitis in Michigan","author":"Shaw","year":"1976"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2482-0","article-title":"Wetland characteristics linked to broad-scale patterns in Culiseta melanura abundance and eastern equine encephalitis virus infection","volume":"10","author":"Skaff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0075","volume-title":"Spatial and temporal dynamics of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus transmission among horses in Michigan","author":"Solis","year":"2000"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0076","first-page":"69","article-title":"Anopheles crucians: a new adult record for Michigan","volume":"44","author":"Taylor","year":"1984","journal-title":"Mosq. News"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2704.202400","article-title":"Eastern equine encephalitis virus in Mexican Wolf Pups at Zoo, Michigan, USA","volume":"27","author":"Thompson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0078","volume-title":"2017 Census of agriculture. United States summary and state data, vol. 1. Geographic area series, part 51","author":"United States Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service.","year":"2019"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0079","author":"United States Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, Michigan Field Office.","year":"2008"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.2307\/1593081","article-title":"Diagnosis of eastern equine encephalitis by immunohistochemistry in two flocks of Michigan ring-neck pheasants","volume":"44","author":"Williams","year":"2000","journal-title":"Avian Dis"},{"key":"2022011306531450800_CIT0081","volume-title":"Biostatistical analysis","author":"Zar","year":"1984","edition":"2"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Entomology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/article-pdf\/59\/1\/27\/41963763\/tjab153.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/article-pdf\/59\/1\/27\/41963763\/tjab153.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T09:39:19Z","timestamp":1726047559000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/article\/59\/1\/27\/6420394"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Theodore","family":"Andreadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jme\/tjab153","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2585","1938-2928"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2585","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-2928","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]]}}}