{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T23:21:10Z","timestamp":1776986470375,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007516","name":"National Park Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007516","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000202","name":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000202","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000203","name":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000203","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006959","name":"U.S. Forest Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006959","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Prairie Wildlife Research"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001399","name":"World Wildlife Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001399","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007235","name":"Colorado State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G14AC00403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G14AC00403"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007235","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000203","name":"USGS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000203","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Prairie dogs in the western United States experience periodic epizootics of plague, caused by the flea-borne bacterial pathogen Yersinia pestis. An early study indicated that Oropsylla hirsuta (Baker), often the most abundant prairie dog flea vector of plague, seldom transmits Y. pestis by the classic blocked flea mechanism. More recently, an alternative early-phase mode of transmission has been proposed as the driving force behind prairie dog epizootics. In this study, using the same flea infection protocol used previously to evaluate early-phase transmission, we assessed the vector competence of O. hirsuta for both modes of transmission. Proventricular blockage was evident during the first two weeks after infection and transmission during this time was at least as efficient as early-phase transmission 2 d after infection. Thus, both modes of transmission likely contribute to plague epizootics in prairie dogs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjac021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]],"date-time":"2022-04-05T11:45:09Z","timestamp":1649159109000},"page":"1053-1059","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Reevaluation of the Role of Blocked <i>Oropsylla hirsuta<\/i> Prairie Dog Fleas (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae) in <i>Yersinia pestis<\/i> (Enterobacterales: Enterobacteriaceae) Transmission"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Ad\u00e9la\u00efde","family":"Miarinjara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4247-017X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David A","family":"Eads","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David M","family":"Bland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc R","family":"Matchett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Lewistown, MT, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dean E","family":"Biggins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6240-7936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B Joseph","family":"Hinnebusch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.365","article-title":"Initiation and spread of traveling waves of plague, Yersinia pestis, in the western United States","volume":"76","author":"Adjemian","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00075","article-title":"Prairie dogs, persistent plague, flocking fleas, and pernicious positive feedback","volume":"6","author":"Biggins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0049","article-title":"Vector control improves survival of three species of prairie dogs (Cynomys) in areas considered enzootic for plague","volume":"10","author":"Biggins","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2020.2684","article-title":"Epizootic plague in prairie dogs: correlates and control with deltamethrin","volume":"21","author":"Biggins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0005","article-title":"Methods in flea research","author":"Bland","year":"2017","journal-title":"BEI Resources"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1006859","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006859","article-title":"Infectious blood source alters early foregut infection and regurgitative transmission of Yersinia pestis by rodent fleas","volume":"14","author":"Bland","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjw004","article-title":"Infection prevalence, bacterial loads, and transmission efficiency in Oropsylla montana (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae) one day after exposure to varying concentrations of Yersinia pestis in blood","volume":"53","author":"Boegler","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4034","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00606-12","article-title":"Kinetics of innate immune response to Yersinia pestis after intradermal infection in a mouse model","volume":"80","author":"Bosio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Immun"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22498","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022498","article-title":"Transmission shifts underlie variability in population responses to Yersinia pestis infection","volume":"6","author":"Buhnerkempe","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.7589\/2012-08-209","article-title":"The innate immune response may be important for surviving plague in wild Gunnison\u2019s prairie dogs","volume":"49","author":"Busch","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.12546","article-title":"No evidence for enzootic plague within black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) populations","author":"Colman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Integr. Zool"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1644\/1545-1542(2001)082<0894:ICOSPI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Interspecific comparisons of sylvatic plague in prairie dogs","volume":"82","author":"Cully","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Mammal"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjx090","article-title":"Swabbing prairie dog burrows for fleas that transmit Yersinia pestis: influences on efficiency","volume":"54","author":"Eads","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.12498","article-title":"Plague bacterium as a transformer species in prairie dogs and the grasslands of western North America","volume":"29","author":"Eads","year":"2015","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.7589\/2014-07-178","article-title":"Prevalence of the generalist flea Pulex simulans on black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) in New Mexico, USA: the importance of considering imperfect detection","volume":"51","author":"Eads","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.7589\/2017-10-250","article-title":"Resistance to deltamethrin in prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) fleas in the field and in the laboratory","volume":"54","author":"Eads","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2021.0025","article-title":"Comparison of flea sampling methods and Yersinia pestis detection on prairie dog colonies","volume":"21","author":"Eads","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15380","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0606831103","article-title":"Early-phase transmission of Yersinia pestis by unblocked fleas as a mechanism explaining rapidly spreading plague epizootics","volume":"103","author":"Eisen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/44.4.678","article-title":"Early-phase transmission of Yersinia pestis by unblocked Xenopsylla cheopis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) is as efficient as transmission by blocked fleas","volume":"44","author":"Eisen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjv128","article-title":"The role of early-phase transmission in the spread of Yersinia pestis","volume":"52","author":"Eisen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.62.552","article-title":"Quantitative competitive PCR as a technique for exploring flea-Yersina pestis dynamics","volume":"62","author":"Engelthaler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0022","volume-title":"Plague in the western part of the United States","author":"Eskey","year":"1940"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1007\/s10592-006-9226-6","article-title":"High prevalence of Yersinia pestis in black-tailed prairie dog colonies during an apparent enzootic phase of sylvatic plague","volume":"8","author":"Hanson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Conserv. Genet"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005276","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005276","article-title":"Comparative ability of Oropsylla montana and Xenopsylla cheopis fleas to transmit Yersinia pestis by two different mechanisms","volume":"11","author":"Hinnebusch","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-090816-093521","article-title":"\u201cFleaing\u201d the plague: adaptations of Yersinia pestis to its insect vector that lead to transmission","volume":"71","author":"Hinnebusch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-42.1.164","article-title":"No evidence of persistent Yersina pestis infection at prairie dog colonies in north-central Montana","volume":"42","author":"Holmes","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0027","first-page":"184","article-title":"A review of the North American species of Oropsylla Wagner and Ioff, 1926 (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae: Ceratophyllinae)","volume":"27","author":"Lewis","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0028","first-page":"1","article-title":"A history of plague in the United States of America","volume":"26","author":"Link","year":"1955","journal-title":"Publ. Health Monogr"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1086\/429931","article-title":"Poor vector competence of fleas and the evolution of hypervirulence in Yersinia pestis","volume":"191","author":"Lorange","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0053","article-title":"Enzootic plague reduces black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) survival in Montana","volume":"10","author":"Matchett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e254","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12419","article-title":"Human case of bubonic plague resulting from the bite of a wild Gunnison\u2019s prairie dog during translocation from a plague-endemic area","volume":"65","author":"Melman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-016-1133-9","article-title":"Evaluation of Yersinia pestis transmission pathways for sylvatic plague in prairie dog populations in the Western U.S","volume":"13","author":"Richgels","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecohealth"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0602","article-title":"Resistance to plague among black-tailed prairie dog populations","volume":"12","author":"Rocke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11962","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.5684","article-title":"Differential plague susceptibility in species and populations of prairie dogs","volume":"9","author":"Russell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2021.109450","article-title":"Space matters: host spatial structure and the dynamics of plague transmission","volume":"443","author":"Russell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Model"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1368.1","article-title":"Prevalence and abundance of fleas in black-tailed prairie dog burrows: implications for the transmission of plague (Yersinia pestis)","volume":"94","author":"Salkeld","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Parasitol"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14247","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002826107","article-title":"Plague outbreaks in prairie dog populations explained by percolation thresholds of alternate host abundance","volume":"107","author":"Salkeld","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-013-0860-4","article-title":"Duration of plague (Yersinia pestis) outbreaks in black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) colonies of northern Colorado","volume":"10","author":"St Romain","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecohealth"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2008.0194","article-title":"Flea abundance on black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) increases during plague epizootics","volume":"9","author":"Tripp","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-017-1236-y","article-title":"Burrow dusting or oral vaccination prevents plague-associated prairie dog colony collapse","volume":"14","author":"Tripp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecohealth"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6236","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0510090103","article-title":"Classic flea-borne transmission does not drive plague epizootics in prairie dogs","volume":"103","author":"Webb","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/77.1.1","article-title":"Sylvatic plague studies V. The determination of vector efficiency","volume":"77","author":"Wheeler","year":"1945","journal-title":"J. Inf. Dis"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2007.0181","article-title":"Oropsylla hirsuta (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae) can support plague epizootics in black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) by early-phase transmission of Yersinia pestis","volume":"8","author":"Wilder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"2022051714002589500_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-008-0165-1","article-title":"Transmission efficiency of two flea species (Oropsylla tuberculata cynomuris and Oropsylla hirsuta) involved in plague epizootics among prairie dogs","volume":"5","author":"Wilder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecohealth"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Entomology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/article-pdf\/59\/3\/1053\/43682742\/tjac021.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/article-pdf\/59\/3\/1053\/43682742\/tjac021.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]],"date-time":"2022-05-17T10:11:59Z","timestamp":1652782319000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/article\/59\/3\/1053\/6563783"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Janet","family":"Foley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jme\/tjac021","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2585","1938-2928"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2585","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-2928","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]]}}}