{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:44:05Z","timestamp":1790142245300,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000204","name":"U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NCHHU0053-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCHHU0053-19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000204","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000204","name":"U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["KYHHU0061-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYHHU0061-20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000204","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Pest Management Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Populations of Blattella germanica (L.) (German cockroach) have been documented worldwide to be resistant to a wide variety of insecticides with multiple modes of action. The phenylpyrazole insecticide fipronil has been used extensively to control German cockroach populations, exclusively in baits, yet the highest reported fipronil resistance is 38-fold in a single population. We evaluated five populations of German cockroaches, collected in 2018\u20132019 in apartments in North Carolina and assayed in 2019, to determine the status of fipronil resistance in the state. Resistance ratios in field-collected strains ranged from 22.4 to 37.2, indicating little change in fipronil resistance over the past 20 yr. In contrast, resistance to pyrethroids continues to escalate. We also assessed the roles of detoxification enzymes in fipronil resistance with four synergists previously shown to diminish metabolic resistance to various insecticides in German cockroaches\u2014piperonyl butoxide, S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate, diethyl maleate, and triphenyl phosphate. These enzymes appear to play a variable role in fipronil resistance. We also sequenced a fragment of the Rdl (resistant to dieldrin) gene that encodes a subunit of the GABA receptor. Our findings showed that all field-collected strains are homozygous for a mutation that substitutes serine for an alanine (A302S) in Rdl, and confers low resistance to fipronil. Understanding why cockroaches rapidly evolve high levels of resistance to some insecticides and not others, despite intensive selection pressure, will contribute to more efficacious pest management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjac100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T11:52:34Z","timestamp":1660045954000},"page":"1721-1731","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Multiple Mechanisms Confer Fipronil Resistance in the German Cockroach: Enhanced Detoxification and <i>Rdl<\/i> Mutation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9568-748X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda A","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Morales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0050-7269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zachary C","family":"DeVries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard G","family":"Santangelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4325-3679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madhavi L","family":"Kakumanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7195-6358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Coby","family":"Schal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.06.035","article-title":"Dominant fitness costs of resistance to fipronil in Musca domestica Linnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae)","volume":"226","author":"Abbas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/18.2.265a","article-title":"A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide","volume":"18","author":"Abbott","year":"1925","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1080\/09670874.2011.563876","article-title":"Absence of a fitness penalty in insecticide-resistant German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.) (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae).","volume":"57","author":"Ang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pest Manag"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1603\/EC13119","article-title":"Detection of the A302S Rdl mutation in fipronil bait-selected strains of the German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)","volume":"106","author":"Ang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0005","first-page":"213","article-title":"Management using baits,","volume-title":"Biology and Management of the German Cockroach.","author":"Appel","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.05.015","article-title":"Resistance to deltamethrin, fipronil and ivermectin in the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu stricto, Latreille (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"10","author":"Becker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1998.0321","article-title":"Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and insecticide resistance in insects","volume":"353","author":"Berg\u00e9","year":"1998","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2015.12.011","article-title":"Can pyramids and seed mixtures delay resistance to Bt crops?","volume":"34","author":"Carri\u00e8re","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1603\/EC09284","article-title":"Insecticide resistance profiles and synergism in field populations of the German cockroach from Singapore","volume":"103","author":"Chai","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-6371-z","article-title":"Exposure risks and ineffectiveness of total release foggers (TRFs) used for cockroach control in residential settings","volume":"19","author":"DeVries","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toz120","article-title":"Pervasive resistance to pyrethroids in German cockroaches (Blattodea: Ectobiidae) related to lack of efficacy of total release foggers","volume":"112","author":"DeVries","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8292","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44296-y","article-title":"Rapid evolutionary responses to insecticide resistance management interventions by the German cockroach (Blattella germanica L.)","volume":"9","author":"Fardisi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1038\/363449a0","article-title":"A point mutation in a Drosophila GABA receptor confers insecticide resistance","volume":"363","author":"Ffrench-Constant","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0014","first-page":"147","article-title":"Fipronil: action at the GABA receptor","volume":"2","author":"Gant","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rev. Toxicol"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2006.09.001","article-title":"The A302S mutation in Rdl that confers resistance to cyclodienes and limited cross-resistance to fipronil is undetectable in field populations of house flies from the USA","volume":"88","author":"Gao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2017.01.007","article-title":"Influence of the RDL A301S mutation in the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens on the activity of phenylpyrazole insecticides","volume":"142","author":"Garrood","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0017","first-page":"122","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying fipronil resistance in a multiresistant field strain of the German cockroach (Blattodea: Blattellidae)","volume":"49","author":"Gondhalekar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1603\/EC12384","article-title":"Implementation of an indoxacarb susceptibility monitoring program using field-collected German cockroach isolates from the United States","volume":"106","author":"Gondhalekar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjab040","article-title":"Resistance to fipronil in the common bed bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)","volume":"58","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Morales","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.1059","article-title":"Correlation of a resistance-associate Rdl mutation in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) with persistent dieldrin-resistance in two Danish field populations","volume":"61","author":"Hansen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-0493-96.5.1548","article-title":"Origin and extent of resistance to fipronil in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)","volume":"96","author":"Holbrook","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toaa053","article-title":"Insecticide resistance, and its effects on bait performance in field-collected German cockroaches (Blattodea: Ectobiidae) from Taiwan","volume":"113","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3787","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.6245","article-title":"The cys-loop ligand-gated ion channel gene superfamilies of the cockroaches Blattella germanica and Periplaneta americana","volume":"77","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1570-7458.1997.00220.x","article-title":"Toxicity of fipronil to German and American cockroaches","volume":"84","author":"Kaakeh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Entomol. Exp. Appl"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0025","first-page":"e01037","article-title":"Overlapping community compositions of gut and fecal microbiomes in lab-reared and field-collected German cockroaches Appl","volume":"84","author":"Kakumanu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.4211","article-title":"Insecticide resistance and diminished secondary kill performance of bait formulations against German cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)","volume":"72","author":"Ko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-0493-98.4.1305","article-title":"Cross-resistance between dieldrin and fipronil in German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)","volume":"98","author":"Kristensen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toab244","article-title":"Reduced susceptibility towards commercial bait insecticides in field German cockroach (Blattodea: Ectobiidae) populations from California","volume":"115","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2022.105123","article-title":"Combined metabolic and target-site resistance mechanisms confer fipronil and deltamethrin resistance in field-collected German cockroaches (Blattodea: Ectobiidae)","volume":"184","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-018-0250-1","article-title":"Comparing lethal dose ratios using probit regression with arbitrary slopes","volume":"19","author":"Lei","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Pharmacol. Toxicol"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/tox144","article-title":"Unidirectional cross-resistance in German cockroach (Blattodea: Blattellidae) populations under exposure to insecticidal baits","volume":"110","author":"Liang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1303\/aez.2009.543","article-title":"Effect of fipronil on the reproduction, feeding, and relative fitness of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens","volume":"44","author":"Ling","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Entomol. Zool"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-0493-93.4.1269","article-title":"Insecticide resistance and cross-resistance in the house fly (Diptera: Muscidae)","volume":"93","author":"Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1021\/jf60193a055","article-title":"Role of nonoxidative metabolism in organophosphorus resistance","volume":"22","author":"Motoyama","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2016.03.009","article-title":"Mechanisms of resistance to insecticides targeting RDL GABA receptors in planthoppers","volume":"60","author":"Nakao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2009.07.008","article-title":"Glutamate-activated chloride channels: unique fipronil targets present in insects but not in mammals","volume":"97","author":"Narahashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0037","first-page":"63","article-title":"Comparison of permethrin and fipronil toxicity against German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) strains","volume":"35","author":"Nasirian","year":"2006","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public Health"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/56.5.643","article-title":"Synergism of malathion against resistant house flies and mosquitoes","volume":"56","author":"Plapp Jr","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1201\/9781351208994-15","article-title":"Cockroach and other inhalant insect allergens,","volume-title":"Allergens and allergen immunotherapy.","author":"Pom\u00e9s","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315373775","volume-title":"Bioassays with Arthropods","author":"Robertson","year":"2017"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199705083361904","article-title":"The role of cockroach allergy and exposure to cockroach allergen in causing morbidity among inner-city children with asthma","volume":"336","author":"Rosenstreich","year":"1997","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4512-1","article-title":"Susceptibility of adult cat fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) to insecticides and status of insecticide resistance mutations at the Rdl and knockdown resistance loci","volume":"114","author":"Rust","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.35.010190.002513","article-title":"Integrated suppression of synanthropic cockroaches","volume":"35","author":"Schal","year":"1990","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0044","first-page":"17","article-title":"Public health and veterinary importance,","volume-title":"Biology and Management of the German Cockroach","author":"Schal","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6327(1999)40:3<150::AID-ARCH4>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"Toxicity and neurophysiological effects of fipronil and fipronil sulfone on the western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)","volume":"40","author":"Scharf","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Insect. Biochem. Physiol"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1002\/1526-4998(200009)56:9<757::AID-PS197>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"Fipronil metabolism, oxidative sulfone formation and toxicity among organophosphate-and carbamate-resistant and susceptible western corn rootworm populations","volume":"56","author":"Scharf","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0047","first-page":"231","article-title":"Insecticide resistance: Perspectives on evolution, monitoring, mechanisms and management,","volume-title":"Biology and Management of the German Cockroach.","author":"Scharf","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/90.5.1152","article-title":"Toxicity of fipronil to susceptible and resistant strains of German cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) and house flies (Diptera: Muscidae)","volume":"90","author":"Scott","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1910(93)90002-9","article-title":"Glucose aversion in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica","volume":"39","author":"Silverman","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Insect Physiol"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.1836","article-title":"Fipronil resistance in the whitebacked planthopper (Sogatella furcifera): possible resistance mechanisms and cross-resistance","volume":"66","author":"Tang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-018-1865-2","article-title":"Global spread of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica","volume":"21","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Invas"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/90.5.1254","article-title":"Antagonism of fipronil toxicity by piperonyl butoxide and S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate in the German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)","volume":"90","author":"Valles","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03415-8","article-title":"Rapid evolution of an adaptive taste polymorphism disrupts courtship behavior","volume":"5","author":"Wada-Katsumata","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun. Biol"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3390\/insects12030263","article-title":"Salivary digestion extends the range of sugar-aversions in the German cockroach","volume":"12","author":"Wada-Katsumata","year":"2021","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1234854","article-title":"Changes in taste neurons support the emergence of an adaptive behavior in cockroaches.","volume":"340","author":"Wada-Katsumata","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/97.6.2067","article-title":"Behavioral and physiological resistance of the German cockroach to gel baits (Blattodea: Blattellidae)","volume":"97","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.6291","article-title":"Inheritance mode and metabolic mechanism of the sulfoximine insecticide sulfoxaflor resistance in Oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Costa)","volume":"77","author":"Wazir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.383","article-title":"Pyrethroid resistance and cross-resistance in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L)","volume":"57","author":"Wei","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1021\/es4045874","article-title":"Toxicity of the Insecticide fipronil and its degradates to benthic macroinvertebrates of urban streams","volume":"48","author":"Weston","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24196","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03695-w","article-title":"Differential microbial responses to antibiotic treatments by insecticide-resistant and susceptible cockroach strains (Blattella germanica L.)","volume":"11","author":"Wolfe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/tox072","article-title":"Insecticide resistance of several field-collected German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) strains","volume":"110","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32335","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32335","article-title":"Synergistic and compensatory effects of two-point mutations conferring target-site resistance to fipronil in the insect GABA receptor Rdl","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0063","first-page":"153","article-title":"The role of GABA and glutamate receptors in susceptibility and resistance to chloride channel blocker insecticides. Pest","volume":"97","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. Physiol"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.103.051839","article-title":"Differential actions of fipronil and dieldrin insecticides on GABA-gated chloride channels in cockroach neurons","volume":"306","author":"Zhao","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther"},{"key":"2025052404171002500_CIT0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.104.065516","article-title":"Fipronil is a potent open channel blocker of glutamate-activated chloride channels in cockroach neurons","volume":"310","author":"Zhao","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Entomology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/article-pdf\/59\/5\/1721\/45850341\/tjac100.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/article-pdf\/59\/5\/1721\/45850341\/tjac100.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]],"date-time":"2025-05-24T08:17:27Z","timestamp":1748074647000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/article\/59\/5\/1721\/6658769"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Warren","family":"Booth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jme\/tjac100","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2585","1938-2928"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2585","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-2928","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]}}}