{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T19:37:24Z","timestamp":1782934644870,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]],"date-time":"2022-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Knowledge Economy Skills Scholarships"},{"name":"Welsh Government\u2019s European Social Fund"},{"name":"Valleys with industry support from AgriSense BCS Ltd."},{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, University of Tabuk","award":["S-1440-0214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S-1440-0214"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are capable of vectoring a wide range of diseases including dengue, yellow fever, and Zika viruses, with approximately half of the worlds\u2019 population at risk from such diseases. Development of combined predator\u2013parasite treatments for the control of larvae consistently demonstrates increased efficacy over single-agent treatments, however, the mechanism behind the interaction remains unknown. Treatments using the natural predator Toxorhynchites brevipalpis and the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum were applied in the laboratory against Ae. aegypti larvae as both individual and combined treatments to determine the levels of interaction between control strategies. Parallel experiments involved the removal of larvae from test arenas at set intervals during the course of the trial to record whole body caspase and phenoloxidase activities. This was measured via luminometric assay to measure larval stress factors underlying the interactions. Combined Metarhizium and Toxorhynchites treatments were seen to drastically reduce lethal times as compared to individual treatments. This was accompanied by increased phenoloxidase and caspase activities in combination treatments after 18 h (p &amp;lt; 0.001). The sharp increases in caspase and phenoloxidase activities suggest that combined treatments act to increase stress factor responses in the larvae that result in rapid mortality above that of either control agent individually. This work concludes that the underlying mechanism for increased lethality in combined parasite\u2013predator treatments may be related to additive stress factors induced within the target host larvae.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjac110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]],"date-time":"2022-08-08T11:38:03Z","timestamp":1659958683000},"page":"1732-1740","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Stress-Mediated Responses of <i>Aedes aegypti<\/i> (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae When Exposed to <i>Metarhizium brunneum<\/i> (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) and <i>Toxorhynchites brevipalpis<\/i> (Diptera: Culicidae)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3229-7932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martyn J","family":"Wood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University , Swansea , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4376-2438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abeer M","family":"Alkhaibari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk , Tabuk , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8789-9543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tariq M","family":"Butt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University , Swansea , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022091418403898400_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icu005","article-title":"The effects of stress hormones on immune function may be vital for the adaptive reconfiguration of the immune system during fight-or-flight behavior","volume":"54","author":"Adamo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Integr. 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