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In western Virginia, we also explored the effect of elevation on collection rates of Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae) and Amblyomma americanum (L.) (Acari: Ixodidae). In total, 35,438 ticks were collected (33,106 A. americanum; 2,052 I. scapularis; 134 Ixodes affinis Neumann [Acari: Ixodidae]; 84 Dermacentor variabilis [Say] [Acari: Ixodidae]; 49 Dermacentor albipictus [Packard] [Acari: Ixodidae]; 10 Haemaphysalis leporispalustris [Packard] [Acari: Ixodidae]; 2 Ixodes brunneus Koch [Acari: Ixodidae]; 1 Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann [Acari: Ixodidae]). Within southwestern Virginia, Ixodes scapularis collection rates were not influenced by elevation, unlike A. americanum which were collected more frequently at lower elevations (e.g., below 500 m). Notably, I. scapularis larvae and nymphs were commonly collected in southwestern Virginia (indicating that they were questing on or above the leaf litter) but not in southeastern Virginia. Questing on or above the leaf litter is primarily associated with northern populations of I. scapularis. These findings may support the hypothesis that I. scapularis from the northeastern United States are migrating into western Virginia and contributing to the higher incidence of Lyme disease in this region. This comparative phenological study underscores the value of these types of studies and the need for additional research to further understand the rapidly changing tick-borne disease dynamics in Virginia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjac121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T06:58:18Z","timestamp":1661237898000},"page":"1993-2005","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Tick Species Composition, Collection Rates, and Phenology Provide Insights into Tick-Borne Disease Ecology in Virginia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Ciera N","family":"Morris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Hollins University , Roanoke, VA 24020 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4034-2684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holly D","family":"Gaff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University , Norfolk, VA 23508 , USA"},{"name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal, School of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Sciences , Durban , South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roy D","family":"Berghaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia , Athens, GA 30602 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C Morgan","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Hollins University , Roanoke, VA 24020 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9380-4689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth R","family":"Gleim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Hollins University , Roanoke, VA 24020 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023082301160353300_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000073741","article-title":"Vegetation structure influences the burden of immature Ixodes dammini on its main host, Peromyscus leucopus","volume":"105","author":"Alder","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. 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