{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T08:11:06Z","timestamp":1769587866464,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007579","name":"Auburn University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007579","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Malaria is responsible for over 435,000 deaths annually, mostly occurring in sub-Saharan Africa. Detecting Plasmodium spp. sporozoites (spzs) in the salivary glands of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) vectors with circumsporozoite enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (csELISA) is an important surveillance method. However, current technological advances are intellectual property and often require of distribution and highly trained users. The transition into paper-based rapid plataforms would allow for decentralization of survillance, especially in areas where it was virtually eliminated. The addition of bio-based materials have shown the potential to improve binding of target antigens, while being widely available. Here, we evaluate the use of chitosan and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) as antibody carriers and substrate coatings on 96-well plates and on wax hydrophobized paper plates for the detection of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf), P. vivax VK210 (Pv210), and P. vivax VK247 (Pv247). To further improve the user-friendliness of the paper plates a quantitative photograph image-based color analysis was done. Interactions between the materials and the assay antibodies were studied by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). Overall, the addition of chitosan increased the interaction with antibodies and enhanced signaling in all tests. This work demonstrated that the adaptation of a PcsELISA shows potential as a cost-effective alternative assay platform easily adaptable in deployable testing sites that also showed reduction in reagent volumes by 80% and assay run time by seventh. While dipstick assays were previously developed, paper-based assays are a cost-effective and field-deployable alternative, reducing volumes of reagents that could be used in malaria control and elimination settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjad008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T14:38:08Z","timestamp":1676299088000},"page":"535-545","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Assessment of Bio-Based Materials as a Sustainable and Scalable Alternative for Detection of <i>Plasmodium<\/i> spp. (Haemospororida: Plasmodiidae) Sporozoites in Field Deployable Testing"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4199-4091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Gomez-Maldonado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, Forest Products Development Center, Auburn University , Auburn, AL , USA"},{"name":"Sustainable Bio-Based Lab, Auburn University , Auburn, AL , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haley","family":"Stephens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, Forest Products Development Center, Auburn University , Auburn, AL , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alice C","family":"Sutcliffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Andrea","family":"Camarano Eula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, Forest Products Development Center, Auburn University , Auburn, AL , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iris Beatriz","family":"Vega Erramuspe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, Forest Products Development Center, Auburn University , Auburn, AL , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ellen M","family":"Dotson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Soledad","family":"Peresin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, Forest Products Development Center, Auburn University , Auburn, AL , USA"},{"name":"Sustainable Bio-Based Lab, Auburn University , Auburn, AL , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Zohdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, Forest Products Development Center, Auburn University , Auburn, AL , USA"},{"name":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA , USA"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University , Auburn, AL , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023051216172850400_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-2276.2003.00127.x","article-title":"Detection of malaria sporozoites by standard ELISA and VecTestTM dipstick assay in field-collected anopheline mosquitoes from a malaria endemic site in Ghana","volume":"8","author":"Appawu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"2023051216172850400_CIT0002","volume-title":"Saving lives, buying time: Economics of malaria drugs in an age of resistance","author":"Arrow","year":"2004"},{"key":"2023051216172850400_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1991.tb00523.x","article-title":"Quantitation of malaria sporozoites transmitted in vitro during salivation by wild Afrotropical Anopheles","volume":"5","author":"Beier","year":"1991","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol"},{"key":"2023051216172850400_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7091","DOI":"10.1021\/ac901071p","article-title":"Understanding wax printing: a simple micropatterning process for paper-based microfluidics","volume":"81","author":"Carrilho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Chem"},{"key":"2023051216172850400_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4881","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.201001005","article-title":"Paper-Based ELISA","volume":"122","author":"Cheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Angew. Chem"},{"key":"2023051216172850400_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20101488","article-title":"The malaria circumsporozoite protein has two functional domains, each with distinct roles as sporozoites journey from mosquito to mammalian host","volume":"208","author":"Coppi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med"},{"key":"2023051216172850400_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-195","article-title":"False positive circumsporozoite protein ELISA: a challenge for the estimation of the entomological inoculation rate of malaria and for vector incrimination","volume":"10","author":"Durnez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malar. J"},{"key":"2023051216172850400_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5560","DOI":"10.1039\/C4AN01147C","article-title":"Modification of microfluidic paper-based devices with silica nanoparticles","volume":"139","author":"Evans","year":"2014","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"2023051216172850400_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-38.3.451","article-title":"Use of circumsporozoite protein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay compared with microscopic examination of salivary glands for calculation of malaria infectivity rates in mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) from Cameroon","volume":"38","author":"Fontenille","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"2023051216172850400_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2609","DOI":"10.1039\/C6CS00895J","article-title":"Current characterization methods for cellulose nanomaterials","volume":"47","author":"Foster","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. 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Porous Mater"},{"key":"2023051216172850400_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfin.2022.102192","article-title":"Development of a \u03b2-cyclodextrin-chitosan polymer as active coating for cellulosic surfaces and capturing of microcystin-LR","volume":"33","author":"Gomez-Maldonado","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surf. Interfaces"},{"key":"2023051216172850400_CIT0015","first-page":"10","article-title":"Pulping processes and their effects on cellulose fibers and nanofibrillated cellulose properties: a review","volume":"70","author":"Iglesias","year":"2020","journal-title":"For. Prod. 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