{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:58:22Z","timestamp":1791241102819,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001713","name":"European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RIA2016E-1609"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RIA2016E-1609"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["109810-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109810-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Bangladesh reported the highest number of annual deaths (n = 281) related to dengue virus infection in 2022 since the virus reappeared in the country in 2000. Earlier studies showed that &amp;gt;92% of the annual cases occurred between the months of August and September. The 2022 outbreak is characterized by late onset of dengue cases with unusually higher deaths in colder months, that is, October\u2013December. Here we present possible hypotheses and explanations for this late resurgence of dengue cases. First, in 2022, the rainfall started late in the season. Compared to the monthly average rainfall for September and October between 2003 and 2021, there was 137 mm of additional monthly rainfall recorded in September and October 2022. Furthermore, the year 2022 was relatively warmer with a 0.71\u00b0C increased temperature than the mean annual temperature of the past 20 yr. Second, a new dengue virus serotype, DENV-4, had recently reintroduced\/reappeared in 2022 and become the dominant serotype in the country for a large na\u00efve population. Third, the post-pandemic return of normalcy after 2 yr of nonpharmaceutical social measures facilitates extra mosquito breeding habitats, especially in construction sites. Community engagement and regular monitoring and destruction of Aedes mosquitoes\u2019 habitats should be prioritized to control dengue virus outbreaks in Bangladesh.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjad057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T03:37:05Z","timestamp":1684467425000},"page":"847-852","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["The 2022 dengue outbreak in Bangladesh: hypotheses for the late resurgence of cases and fatalities"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5980-3460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Najmul","family":"Haider","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Keele University , Staffordshire ST5 5BG , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Nayeem","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology , Sylhet 3114 , Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5065-860X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock , Dhaka , Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Tonge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Keele University , Staffordshire ST5 5BG , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7249-6795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shivanand","family":"Hegde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Keele University , Staffordshire ST5 5BG , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2145-0938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Abdul Baker","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, FL 32610 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8577-8281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahbubur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London , Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire , UK"},{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare , Mohakhali, Dhaka , Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manjur Hossain","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare , Mohakhali, Dhaka , Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashid","family":"Ansumana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health and Clinical Studies, School of Community Health Sciences, Njala University , Bo City , Sierra Leone"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alimuddin","family":"Zumla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection and Immunity, Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London and NIHR-BRC, University College London Hospitals , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Jamal","family":"Uddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology , Sylhet 3114 , Bangladesh"},{"name":"Department of General Educational and Development, Daffodil International University , Dhaka , Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2023071216311944200_CIT0001","first-page":"37","article-title":"Possible drivers of the 2019 dengue outbreak in Bangladesh: the need for a robust community-level surveillance system","volume":"58","author":"Ahsan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Entomol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023071216311944200_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-022-01607-6","article-title":"Measures, gaps, and mitigation strategies in Bangladesh\u2019s COVID-19 response","volume":"19","author":"al Sattar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecohealth"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023071216311944200_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-0454","article-title":"Preliminary report of the insecticide susceptibility status of Aedes albopictus in Bangladesh","volume":"106","author":"Al-Amin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"2023071216311944200_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2006.0562","article-title":"Spread of the tiger: global risk of invasion by the mosquito Aedes albopictus","volume":"7","author":"Benedict","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023071216311944200_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19971128)73:1<1::AID-AJMG1>3.0.CO;2-Y","article-title":"Retinitis pigmentosa, hypopituitarism, nephronophthisis, and mild skeletal dysplasia (RHYNS): a new syndrome?","volume":"73","author":"Di Rocco","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"2023071216311944200_CIT0006","volume-title":"Current updates on Dengue virus (in Bengali).","author":"Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS).","year":"2022"},{"key":"2023071216311944200_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.681937","article-title":"Emergence of dengue 4 as dominant serotype during 2017 outbreak in South India and associated cytokine expression profile","volume":"11","author":"Gowri Sankar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol."},{"key":"2023071216311944200_CIT0008","volume-title":"Modeling the vector-borne disease transmission potential in northern Europe with a special emphasis on microclimatic temperature","author":"Haider","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023071216311944200_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100063","article-title":"Dengue outbreaks in Bangladesh: historic epidemic patterns suggest earlier mosquito control intervention in the transmission season could reduce the monthly growth factor and extent of epidemics","volume":"1","author":"Haider","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Res Parasitol Vector Borne Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023071216311944200_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8175","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08514-9","article-title":"Microclimatic temperatures increase the potential for vector-borne disease transmission in the Scandinavian climate","volume":"7","author":"Haider","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"issue":"8","key":"2023071216311944200_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0221179","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221179","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis revealed the co-circulation of four dengue virus serotypes in Southern Thailand","volume":"14","author":"Hamel","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"2023071216311944200_CIT0012","first-page":"1","article-title":"Aedes 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One."},{"key":"2023071216311944200_CIT0016","first-page":"415","article-title":"Surprising new dengue virus throws a spanner in disease control efforts","volume":"342","author":"Normile","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science (1979)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023071216311944200_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3329\/bjmm.v15i2.57817","article-title":"Diversity of dengue virus serotypes in Dhaka city: from 2017 to 2021","volume":"15","author":"Rahim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bangladesh J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2023071216311944200_CIT0018","article-title":"Entomological survey for identification of Aedes larval breeding sites and their distribution in Chattogram, Bangladesh","volume":"10(32)","author":"Rahman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Beni Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci"},{"key":"2023071216311944200_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0846","article-title":"Seasonal distribution and climatic correlates 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